There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Bio-mediated soil improvement

A dynamic beam on a nonlinear Winkler foundation (or “dynamic p-y”) analysis method for analyzing seismic soil-pile-structure interaction was evaluated against the results of a series of dynamic centrifuge model tests The centrifuge tests included two different single-pile-supported structures subjected to nine different earthquake events with peak accelerations ranging from 002 to 07g The soil profile consisted of soft clay overlying dense sand Site response and dynamic p-y analyses are described Input parameters were selected based on existing engineering practices Reasonably good agreement was obtained between calculated and recorded responses for both structural models in all earthquake events Sensitivity of the results to dynamic p-y model parameters and site response calculations are evaluated These results provide experimental support for the use of dynamic p-y analysis methods in seismic soil-pile-structure interaction problems

Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction Experiments and Analyses

Consideration of soil as a living ecosystem offers the potential for innovative and sustainable solutions to geotechnical problems. This is a new paradigm for many in geotechnical engineering. Realising the potential of this paradigm requires a multidisciplinary approach that embraces biology and geochemistry to develop techniques for beneficial ground modification. This paper assesses the progress, opportunities, and challenges in this emerging field. Biomediated geochemical processes, which consist of a geochemical reaction regulated by subsurface microbiology, currently being explored include mineral precipitation, gas generation, biofilm formation and biopolymer generation. For each of these processes, subsurface microbial processes are employed to create an environment conducive to the desired geochemical reactions among the minerals, organic matter, pore fluids, and gases that constitute soil. Geotechnical applications currently being explored include cementation of sands to enhance bearing capacity and liquefaction resistance, sequestration of carbon, soil erosion control, groundwater flow control, and remediation of soil and groundwater impacted by metals and radionuclides. Challenges in biomediated ground modification include upscaling processes from the laboratory to the field, in situ monitoring of reactions, reaction products and properties, developing integrated biogeochemical and geotechnical models, management of treatment by-products, establishing the durability and longevity/reversibility of the process, and education of engineers and researchers.

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Biogeochemical processes and geotechnical applications: progress, opportunities and challenges

Recently, the anomalous photovoltaic (PV) effect in BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films, which resulted in open circuit voltages (Voc) considerably larger than the band gap of the material, has generated a revival of the entire field of photoferroelectrics. Here, via temperature-dependent PV studies, we prove that the bulk photovoltaic (BPV) effect, which has been studied in the past for many non-centrosymmetric materials, is at the origin of the anomalous PV effect in BFO films. Moreover, we show that irrespective of the measurement geometry, Voc as high as 50 V can be achieved by controlling the conductivity of domain walls (DW). We also show that photoconductivity of the DW is markedly higher than in the bulk of BFO.

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Role of domain walls in the abnormal photovoltaic effect in BiFeO 3

SUMMARY A research program has been developed to study soil-foundation-structure interaction using the NEES infrastructure. Complementary shaking table, centrifuge, field, and laboratory specimens have been designed and testing is scheduled to begin in the summer of 2004. Comprehensive computational models are also being developed to interpret the response of the individual experiments, relate the test specimen response to the performance of the prototype system, and understand the limitations of the boundary conditions inherent to each of the experiments.

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Using nees to investigate soil-foundation-structure interaction

The Becker penetration test (BPT) is the only tool available for characterizing gravelly soils with a probe diameter that is meaningfully larger than that of the standard penetration test (SPT) and...

Evaluation of Becker penetration test interpretation methods for liquefaction assessment in gravelly soils

Polarization conversion that is photoinduced by means of spatially oscillating photovoltaic currents in bulk LiNbO3:Fe is studied both experimentally and theoretically. We measured nearly complete ordinary-to-extraordinary conversion for input ordinary beam diameters greater than ∼200 μm and almost no conversion for beam diameters less than ∼60 μm. The extraordinary light was scattered perpendicular to the optic axis into a bow-tie-shaped distribution. To analyze the effect, we use the bulk photovoltaic model to derive coupled-wave equations for arbitrary-direction two-beam coupling (one ordinary wave, one extraordinary wave) and multiple-beam coupling (one ordinary wave, multiple extraordinary waves). We include the effect of beam diameter by using an overlap integral of the interacting beam profiles. The theory correctly models both the experimental three-dimensional distribution of extraordinary scattered light and the total polarization conversion as a function of beam diameter.

Beam diameter threshold for polarization conversion photoinduced by spatially oscillating bulk photovoltaic currents in LiNbO 3 : Fe

Lateral Resistance of Piles in Liquefying Sand

13 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 1516 LOAD TRANSFER BETWEEN PILE GROUPS AND LATERALLY SPREADING GROUND DURING EARTHQUAKES Scott J. BRANDENBERG 1 , Ross W. BOULANGER 2 , Bruce L. KUTTER 2 , Dan W. WILSON 3 , Dongdong CHANG 4 SUMMARY The lateral load transfer between pile groups and laterally spreading ground during earthquakes is evaluated based on results of dynamic model tests on a 9-m-radius centrifuge. The pile groups consisted of six piles, with prototype diameters of either 0.73 m or 1.17 m, connected together by a pile cap embedded in a soil profile consisting of a gently sloping nonliquefied crust over liquefiable loose sand over dense sand. Realistic earthquake motions with peak base accelerations ranging from 0.13 g to 1.00 g were applied to each of the models. The observed patterns of deformation throughout the centrifuge models are described in detail to illustrate several important features of behavior. A typical dynamic response is presented, showing components of the soil-pile and soil-pile cap interaction forces that were measured directly or obtained by data processing. Procedures for estimating the total horizontal loads on an embedded pile cap (i.e., passive loads plus friction along the base and sides) are discussed. Relative displacements between the free-field soil and pile cap required to mobilize the peak horizontal loads from the crust are shown to be much larger than expected for static loading conditions. The reasons for this softer-than-expected lateral load transfer behavior are discussed, and a simple idealization is used to illustrate the mechanism by which liquefaction of the underlying sand affected the load transfer behavior of the overlying crust. A simple relation for describing the observed lateral load transfer behavior between the pile caps and nonliquefied crusts is subsequently presented. INTRODUCTION Loads imposed on pile foundations by laterally spreading ground during earthquakes have been a major cause of past damages and are consequently a major concern in design practice. The cost can be very large to construct a new pile foundation, or retrofit an existing pile foundation, to resist the expected loads from laterally spreading ground, especially when a relatively strong surface layer is spreading over an underlying liquefied layer. However, the actual loading mechanisms between laterally spreading ground and pile foundations are only approximately understood. Graduate student, University of California, Davis. Email: sjbrandenberg@ucdavis.edu Professor, University of California, Davis Facility Manager, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, University of California, Davis Graduate student, University of California, Davis.

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Daniel W. Wilson

Papers

Using nees to investigate soil-foundation-structure interaction

Evaluation of Becker penetration test interpretation methods for liquefaction assessment in gravelly soils

Beam diameter threshold for polarization conversion photoinduced by spatially oscillating bulk photovoltaic currents in LiNbO 3 : Fe

Lateral Resistance of Piles in Liquefying Sand

Load transfer between pile groups and laterally spreading ground during earthquakes.