1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

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Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels

As petroleum prices continue to increase, it is likely that biofuels will play an ever-increasing role in our energy future. The processing of biomass-derived feedstocks (including cellulosic, starch- and sugar-derived biomass, and vegetable fats) by catalytic cracking and hydrotreating is a promising alternative for the future to produce biofuels, and the existing infrastructure of petroleum refineries is well-suited for the production of biofuels, allowing us to rapidly transition to a more sustainable economy without large capital investments for new reaction equipment. This Review discusses the chemistry, catalysts, and challenges involved in the production of biofuels.

/pdf/synergies-between-bio-and-oil-refineries-for-the-production-2q18cylabz.pdf

Synergies between Bio‐ and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

http://aoatools.aua.gr/pilotec/files/bibliography/Biofuels%20sources,%20biofuel%20policy,%20biofuel%20economy%20and%20global%20biofuel%20projections-1912165888/Biofuels%20sources,%20biofuel%20policy,%20biofuel%20economy%20and%20global%20biofuel%20projections.pdf

Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections

Diesel-like fuel obtained by pyrolysis of vegetable oils

We report here the synthesis, characterization, and use of tin (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone)2(H2O)2, lead (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone)2 (H2O)2, mercury (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone)2-(H2O)2, and zinc (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone)2(H2O)2 as catalysts in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol. All complexes are active in this reaction, with the following decreasing activities: Sn2+≫Zn2+>Pb2+≈Hg2+. The catalytic activities of these complexes were also compared with classical alkali and acid transesterification catalysis (with NaOH and H2SO4).

Daniela G. Lima

Papers

Diesel-like fuel obtained by pyrolysis of vegetable oils

New metal catalysts for soybean oil transesterification