Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

In the classical theory black holes can only absorb and not emit particles. However it is shown that quantum mechanical effects cause black holes to create and emit particles as if they were hot bodies with temperature$\frac{{h\kappa }}{{2\pi k}} \approx 10^{ - 6} \left( {\frac{{M_ \odot }}{M}} \right){}^ \circ K$ where κ is the surface gravity of the black hole. This thermal emission leads to a slow decrease in the mass of the black hole and to its eventual disappearance: any primordial black hole of mass less than about 1015 g would have evaporated by now. Although these quantum effects violate the classical law that the area of the event horizon of a black hole cannot decrease, there remains a Generalized Second Law:S+1/4A never decreases whereS is the entropy of matter outside black holes andA is the sum of the surface areas of the event horizons. This shows that gravitational collapse converts the baryons and leptons in the collapsing body into entropy. It is tempting to speculate that this might be the reason why the Universe contains so much entropy per baryon.

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Particle Creation by Black Holes

The 2016 APS Medal for Excellence in Physics was given to Edward Witten. This contribution was invited in conjunction with this award. These original notes contain concise explanations of some key results in the axiomatic and algebraic approaches to quantum field theory, which are relevant to quantum entanglement. They serve to put the connection between quantum field theory and quantum information theory on a precise and rigorous footing.

APS Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research: Invited article on entanglement properties of quantum field theory*

Geometry of sets and measures in euclidean spaces fractals and rectifiability

A subtheory of a quantum field theory specifies von Neumann subalgebras $\mathcal{A(O)}$ (the ‘observables’ in the space-time region ${\mathcal O}$) of the von Neumann algebras $\mathcal{B(O)}$ (the 'field' localized in ${\mathcal O}$). Every local algebra being a (type III1) factor, the inclusion $\mathcal{A(O)} \subset \mathcal{B(O)}$ is a subfactor. The assignment of these local subfactors to the space-time regions is called a ‘net of subfactors’. The theory of subfactors is applied to such nets. In order to characterize the ‘relative position’ of the subtheory, and in particular to control the restriction and induction of superselection sectors, the canonical endomorphism is studied. The crucial observation is this: the canonical endomorphism of a single local subfactor extends to an endomorphism of the field net, which in turn restricts to a localized endomorphism of the observable net. The method allows one to characterize, and reconstruct, local extensions ℬ of a given theory ${\mathcal A}$ in term...

Nets of subfactors

We prove the equality between the statistics phase and the conformal univalence for a superselection sector with finite index in Conformal Quantum Field Theory onS1. A relevant point is the description of the PCT symmetry and the construction of the global conjugate charge.

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The conformal spin and statistics theorem

We propose a framework for the free field construction of algebras of local observables which uses as an input the Bisognano–Wichmann relations and a representation of the Poincare group on the one-particle Hilbert space. The abstract real Hilbert subspace version of the Tomita–Takesaki theory enables us to bypass some limitations of the Wigner formalism by introducing an intrinsic spacetime localization. Our approach works also for continuous spin representations to which we associate a net of von Neumann algebras on spacelike cones with the Reeh–Schlieder property. The positivity of the energy in the representation turns out to be equivalent to the isotony of the net, in the spirit of Borchers theorem. Our procedure extends to other spacetimes homogeneous under a group of geometric transformations as in the case of conformal symmetries and of de Sitter spacetime.

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Modular localization and wigner particles

Making use of a recent result of Borchers, an algebraic version of the Bisognano-Wichmann theorem is given for conformal quantum field theories, i.e. the Tomita-Takesaki modular group associated with the von Neumann algebra of a wedge region and the vacuum vector coincides with the evolution given by the rescaled pure Lorentz transformations preserving the wedge. A similar geometric description is valid for the algebras associated with double cones. Moreover essential duality holds on the Minkowski spaceM, and Haag duality for double cones holds provided the net of local algebras is extended to a pre-cosheaf on the superworld≈M, i.e. the universal covering of the Dirac-Weyl compactification ofM. As a consequence a PCT symmetry exists for any algebraic conformal field theory in even spacetime dimension. Analogous results hold for a Poincare covariant theory provided the modular groups corresponding to wedge algebras have the expected geometrical meaning and the split property is satisfied. In particular the Poincare representation is unique in this case.

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Modular structure and duality in conformal quantum field theory

Making use of a recent result of Borchers, an algebraic version of the Bisognano-Wichmann theorem is given for conformal quantum field theories, i.e. the Tomita-Takesaki modular group associated with the von Neumann algebra of a wedge region and the vacuum vector concides with the evolution given by the rescaled pure Lorentz transformations preserving the wedge. A similar geometric description is valid for the algebras associated with double cones. Moreover essential duality holds on the Minkowski space $M$, and Haag duality for double cones holds provided the net of local algebras is extended to a pre-cosheaf on the superworld $\tilde M$, i.e. the universal covering of the Dirac-Weyl compactification of $M$. As a consequence a PCT symmetry exists for any algebraic conformal field theory in even space-time dimension. Analogous results hold for a Poincar\'e covariant theory provided the modular groups corresponding to wedge algebras have the expected geometrical meaning and the split property is satisfied. In particular the Poincar\'e representation is unique in this case.

Modular Structure and Duality in Conformal Quantum Field Theory

We prove that superselection sectors with finite statistics in the sense of Doplicher, Haag, and Roberts are automatically Poincare covariant under natural conditions (eg split property for space-like cones and duality for contractible causally complete regions) The same holds for topological charges, namely sectors localized in space-like cones, providing a converse to a theorem of Buchholz and Fredenhagen We introduce the notion of weak conjugate sector that turns out to be equivalent to the DHR conjugate in finite statistics The weak conjugate sector is given by an explicit formula that relates it to the PCT symmetry in a Wightman theory Every Euclidean convariant sector (possibly with infinite statistics) has a weak conjugate sector and the converse is true under the above natural conditions On the same basis, translation covariance is equivalent to the property that sectors are sheaf maps modulo inner automorphisms, for a certain sheaf structure given by the local algebras The construction of the weak conjugate, sector also applies to the case of local algebras onS1 in conformal theories Our main tools are the Bisognano-Wichmann description of the modular structure of the von Neumann algebras associated with wedge regions in the vacuum sector and the relation between Jones index theory for subfactors and the statistics of superselection sectors

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Daniele Guido

Papers

The conformal spin and statistics theorem

Modular localization and wigner particles

Modular structure and duality in conformal quantum field theory

Modular Structure and Duality in Conformal Quantum Field Theory

Relativistic invariance and charge conjugation in quantum field theory