This paper views the location of emergency facilities as a set covering problem with equal costs in the objective The sets are composed of the potential facility points within a specified time or 

The location of emergency service facilities

With construction of new large-scale water storage projects on the wane in the U.S. and other developed countries, attention must focus on improving the operational effectiveness and efficiency of existing reservoir systems for maximizing the beneficial uses of these projects. Optimal coordination of the many facets of reservoir systems requires the assistance of computer modeling tools to provide information for rational management and operational decisions. The purpose of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art in optimization of reservoir system management and operations and consider future directions for additional research and application. Optimization methods designed to prevail over the high-dimensional, dynamic, nonlinear, and stochastic characteristics of reservoir systems are scrutinized, as well as extensions into multiobjective optimization. Application of heuristic programming methods using evolutionary and genetic algorithms are described, along with application of neural networks and fuzzy rule-based systems for inferring reservoir system operating rules.

Optimal Operation of Multireservoir Systems: State-of-the-Art Review

The objective of this paper is to review the state-of-the-art of mathematical models developed for reservoir operations, including simulation. Algorithms and methods surveyed include linear programming (LP), dynamic programming (DP), nonliner programming (NLP), and simulation. A general overview is first presented. The historical development of each key model is critically reviewed. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.

Reservoir Management and Operations Models: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review

Strategic facility location: A review

http://cepac.cheme.cmu.edu/pasilectures/sahinidis/NVSpaperthree.pdf

Optimization under uncertainty: state-of-the-art and opportunities

Three criteria are established for the evaluation of the utility of multiobjective programing techniques for water resource planning. The criteria are computational efficiency, explicitness of trade offs among objectives, and the amount of information generated for decision making. The multiobjective approaches are classified into generating techniques, techniques which rely on the prior articulation of preferences, and techniques which foster iterative definition of preferences. The methods in the various classes are reviewed and evaluated in terms of the hypothesized criteria. The evaluations are then used in establishing conclusions about the applicability of the multiobjective approaches to water resource problems.

A review and evaluation of multiobjective programing techniques

Following a companion paper on analytical methods, this paper presents simulation as a complementary method for analyzing the reliability of water distribution networks. For this simulation, the distribution system is modeled as a network whose pipes and pumps are subject to failure. Nodes are targeted to receive a given supply at a given head. If this head is not attainable, supply at the node is reduced. Pumps and pipes fail randomly, according to probability distributions with user‐specified parameters. Several reliability measures are estimated with this simulation. Confidence intervals are also supplied for some of these reliability measures. Simulation results are presented for a small network (ten nodes) and a larger network (sixteen nodes). Simulation enables computation of a much broader class of reliability measures than do analytical methods, but it requires considerably more computer time and its results are less easy to generalize. It is therefore recommended that analytical and simulation me...

/pdf/water-distribution-reliability-simulation-methods-1zpvs0d18z.pdf

Water Distribution Reliability: Simulation Methods

Recent models of location are drawn together and compared as to structure, criteria, and constraints. Private sector models are distinguished as those in which the total cost of transport and facilities is isolated as the objective to be minimized. The solution techniques of six such models are discussed. Public sector models are characterized by a criterion function involving a surrogate for social utility and by a constraint on investment in facilities or on the number of facilities. Five models with this format are discussed and compared. The two types of problem, location in the private sector and location in the public sector, are seen to have the same conceptual foundation, but formats which differ of necessity due to our inability to relate social utility to dollar value.

An Analysis of Private and Public Sector Location Models

Probabilistic reliability measures for the performance of water distribution networks are developed and analytical methods for their computation explained. The paper begins with a review of reliability considerations and measures for water supply systems, making use of similar notions in other fields. It classifies reliability analyses according to the level of detail with which the water system is modeled, and then concentrates on methods relevant to networks. Two probabilistic measures, reachability and connectivity, are explored for use in water distribution systems. Two algorithms for their computation are presented, one for series-parallel networks and one for general networks. These measures are computed for two systems, each with ten nodes. Additionally, the probability that a given point receives sufficient supply is proposed for use as a reliability measure. An algorithm is presented for the calculation of this measure, which combines a capacitated network algorithm with a method to efficiently search through network configurations involving multiple link failures. This measure is calculated for the two sample systems.

David H. Marks

Papers

A review and evaluation of multiobjective programing techniques

Water Distribution Reliability: Simulation Methods

An Analysis of Private and Public Sector Location Models

Water Distribution Reliability: Analytical Methods

A new methodology for modelling break failure patterns in deteriorating water distribution systems: Theory