Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/5/110/206.full.pdf

The american psychological association.

Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attributed internally, which makes self-awareness painful. Awareness of the self's inadequacies generates negative affect, and the individual therefore desires to escape from self-awareness and the associated affect. The person tries to achieve a state of cognitive deconstruction (constricted temporal focus, concrete thinking, immediate or proximal goals, cognitive rigidity, and rejection of meaning), which helps prevent meaningful self-awareness and emotion. The deconstructed state brings irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable. Suicide can be seen as an ultimate step in the effort to escape from self and world.

Suicide as escape from self.

Psychopathy is characterized by diverse indicators. Clinical accounts have emphasized 3 distinct facets: interpersonal, affective, and behavioral. Research using the Psychopathy Checklist--Revised (PCL-R), however, has emphasized a 2-factor model. A review of the literature on the PCL-R and related measures of psychopathy, together with confirmatory factor analysis of PCL-R data from North American participants, indicates that the 2-factor model cannot be sustained. A 3-factor hierarchical model was developed in which a coherent superordinate factor, Psychopathy, is underpinned by 3 factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience, and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioral Style. The model was cross-validated on North American and Scottish PCL-R data, Psychopathy Screening Version data, and data derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) antisocial personality disorder field trial.

Refining the construct of psychopathy: towards a hierarchical model.

The development of the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL–R; R. D. Hare, 2003) has fueled intense clinical interest in the construct of psychopathy. Unfortunately, a side effect of this interest has been conceptual confusion and, in particular, the conflating of measures with constructs. Indeed, the field is in danger of equating the PCL–R with the theoretical construct of psychopathy. A key point in the debate is whether criminal behavior is a central component, or mere downstream correlate, of psychopathy. In this article, the authors present conceptual directions for resolving this debate. First, factor analysis of PCL–R items in a theoretical vacuum cannot reveal the essence of psychopathy. Second, a myth about the PCL–R and its relation to violence must be examined to avoid the view that psychopathy is merely a violent variant of antisocial personality disorder. Third, a formal, iterative process between theory development and empirical validation must be adopted. Fundamentally, constructs and measures must be recognized as separate entities, and neither reified. Applying such principles to the current state of the field, the authors believe the evidence favors viewing criminal behavior as a correlate, not a component, of psychopathy.

Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate.

1. The Alvor Advanced Study Institute R.D. Hare. 2. Psychopathy Across Cultures D.J. Cooke. 3. Psychopathy and Normal Personality T.A. Widiger. 4. The Phenotypic and Genotypic Structure of Psychopathic Traits W.J. Livesley. 5. Psychopathic Behavior: An Information Processing Perspective J.P. Newman. 6. Psychopathy, Affect and Behavior R.D. Hare. 7. Biology and Personality: Findings from a Longitudinal Project B.A. Klinteberg. 8. Callous-Unemotional Traits and Conduct Problems: Applying the Two-Factor Model of Psychopathy to Children P.J. Frick. 9. Comorbidities and Biological Correlates of Conduct Disorder K. McBurnett, L. Pfiffner. 10. Psychopathy in Adolescence: Assessment, Violence, and Developmental Precursors A.E. Forth, H.C. Burke. 11. Major Mental Disorder and Crime: An Etiological Hypothesis S. Hodgins, et al. 12. Comorbidity of Psychopathy with Major Mental Disorders N. Nedopil, et al. 13. Psychopathy and Personality Disorder: Implications of Interpersonal Theory R. Blackburn. 14. Treatment and Management of Psychopaths F. Loesel. 15. Psychopathy and Risk for Violence S.D. Hart. 16. Psychopathy and Crime: Recidivism and Criminal Careers J.F. Hemphill, et al. 17. Legal Issues Associated with the Concept of Psychopathy J.P. Ogloff, D.R. Lyon. Index. List of Contributors.

Psychopathy : theory, research, and implications for society

BACKGROUND
Actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs) estimate the probability that individuals will engage in future violence.


AIMS
To evaluate the ;margins of error' at the group and individual level for risk estimates made using ARAIs.


METHOD
An established statistical method was used to construct 95% CI for group and individual risk estimates made using two popular ARAIs.


RESULTS
The 95% CI were large for risk estimates at the group level; at the individual level, they were so high as to render risk estimates virtually meaningless.


CONCLUSIONS
The ARAIs cannot be used to estimate an individual's risk for future violence with any reasonable degree of certainty and should be used with great caution or not at all. In theory, reasonably precise group estimates could be made using ARAIs if developers used very large construction samples and if the tests included few score categories with extreme risk estimates.

/pdf/evaluating-the-margins-of-error-of-group-v-individual-1a1xceyuuq.pdf

Evaluating the 'margins of error' of group v. individual predictions of violence

Background Actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs) estimate the probability that individuals will engage in future violence.

Aims To evaluate the `margins of error' at the group and individual level for risk estimates made using ARAIs.

Method An established statistical method was used to construct 95% CI for group and individual risk estimates made using two popular ARAIs.

Results The 95% CI were large for risk estimates at the group level; at the individual level, they were so high as to render risk estimates virtually meaningless.

Conclusions The ARAIs cannot be used to estimate an individual's risk for future violence with any reasonable degree of certainty and should be used with great caution or not at all. In theory, reasonably precise group estimates could be made using ARAIs if developers used very large construction samples and if the tests included few score categories with extreme risk estimates.

/pdf/precision-of-actuarial-risk-assessment-instruments-tuqamegxy3.pdf

David J. Cooke

Papers

Refining the construct of psychopathy: towards a hierarchical model.

Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate.

Psychopathy : theory, research, and implications for society

Evaluating the 'margins of error' of group v. individual predictions of violence

Precision of actuarial risk assessment instruments: evaluating the 'margins of error' of group v. individual predictions of violence.