抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Thank you for downloading using multivariate statistics. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this using multivariate statistics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. using multivariate statistics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Using Multivariate Statistics

The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

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Genitalia are conspicuously variable, even in closely related taxa that are otherwise morphologically very similar. Explaining genital diversity is a longstanding problem that is attracting renewed interest from evolutionary biologists. New studies provide ever more compelling evidence that sexual selection is important in driving genital divergence. Importantly, several studies now link variation in genital morphology directly to male fertilization success, and modern comparative techniques have confirmed predicted associations between genital complexity and mating patterns across species. There is also evidence that male and female genitalia can coevolve antagonistically. Determining mechanisms of genital evolution is an important challenge if we are to resolve current debate concerning the relative significance of mate choice benefits and sexual conflict in sexual selection.

/pdf/sexual-selection-and-genital-evolution-1fldge8fzc.pdf

Sexual selection and genital evolution

The authors thank Katrina Brown, Alden Griffith, and four anonymous reviewers for valuable insight into resilience. D.H., J.L.M., and D.J.H. are supported by the Natural Environment Research Council.

https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/pdf/S0169-5347(15)00162-7.pdf

What do you mean, 'resilient'?

Publisher Summary
This chapter reviews the current knowledge of variation in sperm morphology over several levels of biological organization: variation within males (both within and across ejaculates), among males, among populations, and among species, along with prevailing hypotheses addressing the adaptive significance of such variation. With regard to developmental mechanisms, three aspects of the physiology of sperm production serve to limit within-ejaculate variation in sperm phenotypes. First, the location of the testes and numerous aspects of testicular physiology of some taxa are clearly adaptations to maintain a homeostatic developmental environment for sperm. Second, developing spermatids may share cytoplasm. Third, sperm phenotypes are predominantly determined by testicular gene expression and hence the diploid genome of the male. Variation across ejaculates but within males can involve several traits including sperm numbers, overall semen quality and individual sperm quality. A special case of intramale variation in sperm form is found in species with sperm heteromorphism, in which different sperm forms are regularly produced by individuals. Differences among males in sperm morphology may derive from both genetic and environmental influences. Theories of condition-dependence basically posit that fitness-related traits are to a large extent dependent on an organism's underlying condition. Conclusions drawn from studies of sperm diversification between natural populations are reinforced by experimental evolution studies of sperm morphology in laboratory populations, as these studies address the evolvability of sperm traits and the nature of selection underlying sperm diversification. Furthermore, a discussion of evolutionary causes and consequences of sperm diversification, along with suggestions of fruitful areas for future exploration is presented.

Sperm morphological diversity

This book represents the first analysis of the evolutionary significance of sperm phenotypes and derived sperm traits and the possible selection pressures responsible for sperm-egg coevolution. An understanding of sperm evolution is fast developing and promises to shed light on many topics from basic reproductive biology to the evolutionary process itself as well as the sperm proteome, the sperm genome and the quantitative genetics of sperm. The Editors have identified 15 topics of current interest and biological significance to cover all aspects of this bizarre, fascinating and important subject. It comprises the most comprehensive and up-to-date review of the evolution of sperm and pointers for future research, written by experts in both sperm biology and evolutionary biology. The combination of evolution and sperm is a potent mix, and this is the definitive account. * The first review survey of this emerging field * Written by experts from a broad array of disciplines from the physiological and biomedical to the ecological and evolutionary * Sheds light on the intricacies of reproduction and the coevolution of sperm, egg and reproductive behavior

David J. Hosken

Papers

Sexual selection and genital evolution

What do you mean, 'resilient'?

Sperm morphological diversity

Sperm biology : an evolutionary perspective

Experimental evidence for testis size evolution via sperm competition