Sponsors asked the IOM's Food and Nutrition Board and the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Board on Children, Youth, and Families to review and update the IOM (1990) recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy and recommend ways to encourage their adoption through consumer education, strategies to assist practitioners, and public health strategies.The committee was asked to address the following tasks: 1. Review evidence on the relationship between weight gain patterns before, during, and after pregnancy and maternal and child health outcomes, with particular attention to the prevalence of maternal obesity racial/ethnic and age differences, components of GWG, and implications of weight during pregnancy on postpartum weight retention, maternal and child obesity, and later child health. 2. Within a life-stage framework consider factors in relation to GWG that are associated with maternal health outcomes such as lactation performance, postpartum weight retention, cardiovascular disease, metabolic processes including glucose and insulin-related issues, and risk of other chronic diseases; for infants and children, in addition to low birth weight, consider early developmental impacts and obesity-related consequences (e.g., mental health, diabetes). 3. Recommend revisions to the existing guidelines, where necessary, including the need for specific pregnancy weight guidelines for underweight, normal weight, and overweight and obese women and adolescents and women carrying twins or higher-order multiples. 4. Consider a range of approaches to promote appropriate weight gain, including: individual (behavior), psychosocial, community, health care, and health systems; timing and components of interventions; and ways to enhance awareness and adoption of the guidelines, including interdisciplinary approaches, consumer education to men and women, strategies to assist practitioners to use the guidelines, and public health strategies. 5. Identify gaps in knowledge and recommend research priorities.

/pdf/weight-gain-during-pregnancy-reexamining-the-guidelines-54naat6auf.pdf

Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.1840120409

Interrelationship of blood transfusion, non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus

Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy

After zidovudine (ZDV), a 3′-azido analogue of thymi-dine, was found to be an effective antiretroviral drugagainst HIV [1,2], other nucleoside analogues inhibit-ing reverse transcriptase (RT) soon followed: didano-sine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), lamivudine (3TC),stavudine (D4T), and recently abacavir (1592U89)[3–7]. These drugs have demonstrated efficacy inreduction of morbidity and mortality, especially incombination therapy [8–10]. A special feature of someof these drugs is the protection against AIDS dementiacomplex, which appears to be related to good penetra-tion of the blood–brain barrier [11–13]. Although theintroduction of protease inhibitors has changed themanagement of HIV infection drastically, this cerebro-protective property will assert the role of these nucleo-side RT inhibitors (NRTI) as a cornerstone ofantiretroviral therapy [9,10].More than 10 years of experience with NRTI therapyhas revealed important adverse effects ranging frommild (myopathy) to fatal in some cases (pancreatitis,liver failure and lactic acidosis). Behind most of theseside-effects there appears to be a common mechanism:a decreased mitochondrial energy-generating capacity.In this review we will summarize the literature inwhich this mechanism is analysed and will emphasizethe importance of acquired mitochondrial dysfunctionthat will accumulate during long-term treatment withantiretroviral nucleoside analogues.

https://www.natap.org/2011/HIV/Adverseeffectstranscriptase.4.pdf

Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway.

Results from recently published phase I trials (1-3) of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (didanosine, ddI) show promise in the treatment of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-...

Fulminant hepatic failure associated with 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI).

Fatal Reye-like syndrome associated with valproic acid.

Several laboratories have recently reported the establishment and characterization of long-term cell lines thought to be related to the neoplastic cell of Hodgkin's disease. Here, Harris et al. discuss evidence that some of these lines are, in fact, not related to Hodgkin's disease but are non-human contaminants.

Contamination of Hodgkin's disease cell cultures.

An infant who had aberrant origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva of the aorta died suddenly secondary to acute myocardial infarction. Although this coronary artery anomaly has been acknowledged in previous reviews as a potential risk for sudden death, this is the first documented case of its occurrence that we could find in our review of the literature.

Sudden death in an infant with aberrant origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva of the aorta: Case report and review of the literature

Villous adenomas in the urinary bladder are rare neoplasms whose malignant potential is unclear. A case of a morphologically benign non-invasive mucin producing papillary neoplasm of the urinary bladder associated with cystitis glandularis is presented. Absence of A tissue isoantigen from the neoplastic and metaplastic cells and the presence of H tissue isoantigen in both neoplastic and metaplastic cells is observed in a patient whose blood type is A, indicating incomplete maturation of surface coat constituents. The histologically benign appearance of this lesion may belie a malignant potential.

David L. Gang

Papers

Fulminant hepatic failure associated with 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI).

Fatal Reye-like syndrome associated with valproic acid.

Contamination of Hodgkin's disease cell cultures.

Sudden death in an infant with aberrant origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva of the aorta: Case report and review of the literature

Villous adenoma of the urinary bladder: a morphologic or biologic entity?