David L. King

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the equations and applications associated with the photovoltaic array performance model developed at Sandia National Laboratories over the last twelve years, including system design and sizing, "translation" of field performance measurements to standard reporting conditions, system performance optimization, and realtime comparison of measured versus expected system performance.

TL;DR: Effective methods for determining temperature coefficients for cells, modules and arrays are described; sources of systematic errors in measurements are identified; typical measured values for modules are given; and guidance for their application in system engineering is provided.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define observed degradation in field-aged photovoltaic modules, including degradation of packaging materials, adhesional loss, degradation of interconnects, degradation due to moisture intrusion, and semiconductor device degradation, and suggest that the onset and progression of degradation need to be studied to gain a more comprehensive understanding of module degradation rates and module failures.

TL;DR: Diagnostic test procedures, results, and implications of in-depth investigations of the performance and durability characteristics of commercial modules after long-term field exposure of photovoltaic modules are summarized.

TL;DR: By establishing guidelines for the inclusion of results into these tables, this provides an authoritativesummary of the current state of the art but also encourages researchers to seek independent results and to report results on a standardized basis.