People in different cultures have strikingly different construals of the self, of others, and of the interdependence of the 2. These construals can influence, and in many cases determine, the very nature of individual experience, including cognition, emotion, and motivation. Many Asian cultures have distinct conceptions of individuality that insist on the fundamental relatedness of individuals to each other. The emphasis is on attending to others, fitting in, and harmonious interdependence with them. American culture neither assumes nor values such an overt connectedness among individuals. In contrast, individuals seek to maintain their independence from others by attending to the self and by discovering and expressing their unique inner attributes. As proposed herein, these construals are even more powerful than previously imagined. Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of the self as independent and a construal of the self as interdependent. Each of these divergent construals should have a set of specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation; these consequences are proposed and relevant empirical literature is reviewed. Focusing on differences in self-construals enables apparently inconsistent empirical findings to be reconciled, and raises questions about what have been thought to be culture-free aspects of cognition, emotion, and motivation.

/pdf/culture-and-the-self-implications-for-cognition-emotion-and-2phi5i0grk.pdf

Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.

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Using Multivariate Statistics

The capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life is the essence of humanness. Human agency is characterized by a number of core features that operate through phenomenal and functional consciousness. These include the temporal extension of agency through intentionality and forethought, self-regulation by self-reactive influence, and self-reflectiveness about one's capabilities, quality of functioning, and the meaning and purpose of one's life pursuits. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on collective efficacy to exercise control over personal destinies and national life.

/pdf/social-cognitive-theory-an-agentic-perspective-hguh0k9i9z.pdf

Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective

Emotions are viewed as having evolved through their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental life-tasks. Each emotion has unique features: signal, physiology, and antecedent events. Each emotion ...

http://files.espertaemozionietaevolutiva.webnode.it/200000014-c9216ca1b9/Ekman%20(1992)%20an%20argument%20for%20basic%20emotion.pdf

An argument for basic emotions

The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is denned and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.

http://www.elaborer.org/cours/A13/lectures/Gross1998.pdf

The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review.

A number of methodological problems make it difficult to draw any conclusions from Russell's studies of contempt, including a task which may maximize the influence of unfamiliarity with the task, and instructions which may encourage observers to rate many rather than few emotions. We raise questions also about ecological validity, and the appropriateness of using still photographs to study the influence of context on the jugments of emotion.

Contradictions in the study of contempt: What's it all about? Reply to Russell

The face is the most representative channel of nonverbal behaviors, and it is the channel most studied by scientists. Studies on face and facial expression have their roots in Darwin (The expression of emotion in man and animals. Oxford University Press, New York, 1872) seminal work that suggested that emotions are biologically innate and evolutionarily adaptive and that facial expressions evolved as a universal skill in all humans. The face is a channel that can produce both involuntary reactions and voluntary reactions. This chapter will introduce facial expressions as one of the primary nonverbal channels that express universal emotions and present scientific evidence for the universality of facial expressions of emotion, including studies of humans across cultures, blind individuals, twins and families, infants, and nonhuman primates. In addition, cultural display rules that can explain cultural variations in facial expressions of emotions across cultures are introduced.

Evidence for the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion

Buku ini menyajikan jawaban komprehensif atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan elementer seperti apakah itu psikologi lintas budaya?bagaimana dampak munculnya psikologi lintas budaya terhadap kebenaran-kebenaran mainstreem?apakah pengaruh budaya terhadap perilaku manusia?
topik-topik yang dibahas dalam buku ini merupakan topik-topik yang umum dibahas dalam buku-buku pengantar psikologi yang populer, tapi dalam buku ini topik-topik tersebut dikaji dari perspektif multikultiral
Ada delapan topik yang menjadi pusat kajian buku ini:persepsi, kognisi, psikologi perkembangan, bahasa dan pemerolehan bahasa, perkembangan kognitif dan intelegensi, emosi, psikologi abnormal, psikologi sosial 
Sebagai fondasi dari seluruh bangunan buku ini, pada bagian awal disajikan bab khusus, mengenai perspektif kultural terhadap diri Dalam bab ini dibagas pengaruh budaya terhadap cara kita memandang diri kita, dan berbagai konsekuensi pandangan-diri tersebut terhadap kognisi, emosi, dan motivasi

Pengantar psikologi lintas budaya

The cultural bases of nonverbal communication.

We explored whether a dominance threat display as result of victory in agonistic encounters is actually produced in real life competition settings by examining the first whole body reactions produced by winners of the medal matches from three Olympic judo competitions, one of which included a sample of athletes who were blind. Winners displayed behavioral signals that were characterized into three categories, Expansion, Aggression, and Attention. These behavioral characteristics overlapped with descriptions of dominance displays in the previous literature. Other findings have suggested that these behaviors may be labeled as triumph.

David Matsumoto

Papers

Contradictions in the study of contempt: What's it all about? Reply to Russell

Evidence for the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion

Pengantar psikologi lintas budaya

The cultural bases of nonverbal communication.

Dominance threat display for victory and achievement in competition context