Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years up to and including 2003

Molecular Imprinting Technology (MIT) is a technique to design artificial receptors with a predetermined selectivity and specificity for a given analyte, which can be used as ideal materials in various application fields. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs), the polymeric matrices obtained using the imprinting technology, are robust molecular recognition elements able to mimic natural recognition entities, such as antibodies and biological receptors, useful to separate and analyze complicated samples such as biological fluids and environmental samples. The scope of this review is to provide a general overview on MIPs field discussing first general aspects in MIP preparation and then dealing with various application aspects. This review aims to outline the molecularly imprinted process and present a summary of principal application fields of molecularly imprinted polymers, focusing on chemical sensing, separation science, drug delivery and catalysis. Some significant aspects about preparation and application of the molecular imprinting polymers with examples taken from the recent literature will be discussed. Theoretical and experimental parameters for MIPs design in terms of the interaction between template and polymer functionalities will be considered and synthesis methods for the improvement of MIP recognition properties will also be presented.

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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Present and Future Prospective

Over the past century, hydrogels have emerged as effective materials for an immense variety of applications. The unique network structure of hydrogels enables very high levels of hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, while at the same time exhibiting the soft physical properties associated with living tissue, making them ideal biomaterials. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels have been especially impactful, allowing for unprecedented levels of control over material properties in response to external cues. This enhanced control has enabled groundbreaking advances in healthcare, allowing for more effective treatment of a vast array of diseases and improved approaches for tissue engineering and wound healing. In this extensive review, we identify and discuss the multitude of response modalities that have been developed, including temperature, pH, chemical, light, electro, and shear-sensitive hydrogels. We discuss the theoretical analysis of hydrogel properties and the mechanisms used to create these responses, highlighting both the pioneering and most recent work in all of these fields. Finally, we review the many current and proposed applications of these hydrogels in medicine and industry.

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Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications

Optimization, evaluation, and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers.

Molecularly imprinted polymers for drug delivery

An investigation of 9-ethyladenine (9-EA) imprinted polymers has provided insight into the origins of binding and recognition by imprinted polymers. Porogens and polymerization temperature are impo...

Evaluation of Binding and Origins of Specificity of 9-Ethyladenine Imprinted Polymers

Molecular imprinting technology was used to create polymeric receptors for the DNA and RNA bases. The binding affinity and selectivity of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) methacrylic acid (MAA) imprinted copolymers were evaluated chromatographically. Specific binding was found for adenine, cytosine, and guanosine derivatives. These bases contain a 2-aminopyridine substructure previously found important for the binding and specificity of polymers imprinted with 9-ethyladenine. Thymine and uracil derivatives, which do not contain the 2-aminopyridine substructure, exhibited little specific binding to the imprinted polymers. The magnitude of the binding affinity for each of the nucleoside derivatives to its own imprinted polymer follows the order A > G > C > T, U. This differs from the order of binding between butyric acid and the RNA base derivatives in solution (G > C > A > U:  Lancelot, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 7037) or between control polymers that contain randomly distributed carboxylic acid ...

Binding of Nucleotide Bases by Imprinted Polymers

Imprinted network polymers incorporating basic functional groups were developed to assess the binding and specificity of carboxylic acids. The binding affinities were determined using t-BOC-phenylalanine and 2-phenylbutyric acid as templates and substrates. Chiral selectivity for the enantiomers of t-BOC-phenylalanine was found for polymers incorporating adenine or 2-aminopyridine functionality. Chiral selectivity in the case of (R)-(−)-2-phenylbutyric acid was found for the polymer utilizing N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide as the functional monomer. Optimization of binding was achieved by changing polymerization conditions (thermal versus photochemical polymerization, monomer:template ratio) for t-BOC-phenylalanine imprinted polymers employing the N-(2-aminopyridine) methacrylamide monomer.

David Spivak

Papers

Evaluation of Binding and Origins of Specificity of 9-Ethyladenine Imprinted Polymers

Binding of Nucleotide Bases by Imprinted Polymers

Molecular Imprinting of Carboxylic Acids Employing Novel Functional Macroporous Polymers.