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Multimedia in Learning

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Mental Representations A Dual Coding Approach

Several years ago I saw Peter Sellers in the movie Being There. In a most convincing manner he personified a gardener tending the garden of a huge mansion. His only contact with the world outside was a Television and its remote control. His garden was real, the world beyond a metaphor. Culture, to him, was indeed the original latin cultura derived from the verb colo 'to plough; to till; to tend'. The soil, the seeds, the seasons and their harvest were his paradigm. The moment his master died he strolled into a universe he did not know; but he continued to measure even this human environment by the standards of his ecological pragmatism. His inversion of social reasoning was embraced as 'in-depth-understanding' cast into stunningly simple, lucid metaphors. For instance, he answered questions on economic recession calmly in the logic of his garden: after summer come fall and winter followed again by spring. Decay and seeming barrenness are absolutely necessary for the renewal of nature. His answer was simple: being there, you'll understand: you'll understand what happens, you'll understand what is necessary to do; it made him president. The thrust of the argument is the observation that culture is a matter of 'being there', 'know-how', 'familiarity', 'acting skillfully and strategically'; it equals digging into the soil, planting the seeds, watching the weather, inferring the necessary and tending the processes of growth and fruition. Culture is a process, an ongoing con cern, a praxis that takes its meaning only in application, in practices that chisel the presence of culture. Human culture, the object of cultural anthropology, is such a praxis, rooted in practice and interaction as conditions for the fruition of human knowledge. In a kind of 'radical hermeneutics'1 the humanities are cultivated in the open, among fellow human beings, taking as their vehicle the four dimensions of shared presence that unite time and place. Human time and human space, man-made presence, are the only rift into 'general, physical time' and 'general, physical space' that opens up to us. All that we can achieve or know, we perform in that 'clearing'; it constitutes our garden, our stage, our opportunity. This performance is the praxis of human culture.

Anthropology as Performance

Significant progress has been achieved in the development and evaluation of evidence-based psychological treatments for eating disorders over the past 25 years. Cognitive behavioral therapy is currently the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder, and existing evidence supports the use of a specific form of family therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Important challenges remain. Even the most effective interventions for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder fail to help a substantial number of patients. A priority must be the extension and adaptation of these treatments to a broader range of eating disorders (eating disorder not otherwise specified), to adolescents, who have been largely overlooked in clinical research, and to chronic, treatment-resistant cases of anorexia nervosa. The article highlights current conceptual and clinical innovations designed to improve on existing therapeutic efficacy. The problems of increasing the dissemination of evidence-based treatments that are unavailable in most clinical service settings are discussed.

/pdf/psychological-treatment-of-eating-disorders-392en648c3.pdf

Psychological treatment of eating disorders.

The Nature of Prejudice

Routine activities theorists traditionally have assumed offenders' motivation and victims' suitability from demographic correlates, and have done little to study effective guardianship. In this paper we ask questions directly of male date rape offenders to test the proposal that male peer support provides motivation; we ask lifestyle questions directly of both female victims and male offenders; and we discuss the extent to which abusive peers eliminate guardianship. Data from the Canadian National Survey support routine activities theory, and show that men who drink two or more times a week and have male peers who support both emotional violence and physical violence are nearly 10 times as likely to admit to being sexual aggressors as men who have none of these three traits.

Male peer support and a feminist routing activities theory: Understanding sexual assault on the college campus

Institutional options in management of coercion in anorexia treatment: the antipodean experiment?

Because of its high mortality and treatment resistence, clinicians sometimes invoke the law in aid of retaining their most acutely ill-patients in treatment or re-feeding programs. Depending on the jurisdiction, various lawsincluding mental health and adult guardianship lawshave been invoked to achieve this objective (Carney, Tait, Saunders, Touyz & Beumont, 2003). Until recently, little was known about the therapeutic impact of coercion on patients (Saunders, 2001, Carney & Saunders 2003), or the relative advantages of different avenues of coercion (Carney, Saunders, Tait, Touyz & Ingvarson 2004). Most obscure of all, however, has been our understanding of the factors influencing clinical decisions within specialist anorexia treatment units regarding which in-patients will be selected for coerced treatment. This paper reports legal and ethical implications of findings from analysis of data gathered from a major Australian specialist anorexia treatment facility over a period of nearly 5 years.

Coercion in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical, Demographic and Legal Implications

OBJECTIVE: This paper addresses the question of the circumstances which lead clinicians to use legal coercion in the management of patients with severe anorexia nervosa, and explores similarities and differences between such formal coercion and other forms of 'strong persuasion' in patient management. METHOD: Logistic regression and other statistical analysis was undertaken on 75 first admissions for anorexia nervosa from a sample of 117 successive admissions to an eating disorder facility in New South Wales, Australia, where an eating disorder was the primary diagnosis. Admissions with other primary diagnoses, such as bulimia nervosa (25 episodes), and entries with a co morbid diagnosis (e.g. depression or opiate overdose), were discarded, leaving 96 admissions by 75 individuals. RESULTS: Resort to measures of legal coercion into treatment was found to be associated with three main indicators: the patient's past history (number of previous admissions); the complexity of their condition (the number of other psychiatric co morbidities); and their current health risk (measured either by Body Mass Index or the risk of re-feeding syndrome). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is consistent with the few earlier studies about indicators for legal coercion in anorexia nervosa management, and suggests that clinicians use legal coercion very sparingly, distinguishing legal coercion from other forms of close clinical management of patients.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1268063_code609399.pdf?abstractid=1268063&mirid=1

Why (and When) Clinicians Compel Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Patients

Focusing on the impact of DNA evidence in jury trials, evidence for the existence of multiple posited forms of the “CSI effect” is reviewed. The most popular version of the effect, that it produces unrealistic expectations of the prosecution and thus results in unwarranted acquittals, remains unsupported. The converse effect, that unwarranted convictions result from the overweighting of DNA expert evidence, has received some support from archival analyses, a substantial field study, and several simulation studies. The precise factors that produce these trends are yet not well-understood. Future research should examine the source of these findings, explore ways to assist jurors in according DNA evidence appropriate probative weight, and take into account the influence of jury deliberations.

David Tait

Papers

Male peer support and a feminist routing activities theory: Understanding sexual assault on the college campus

Institutional options in management of coercion in anorexia treatment: the antipodean experiment?

Coercion in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical, Demographic and Legal Implications

Why (and When) Clinicians Compel Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Patients

DNA and the Changing Face of Justice