Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

The influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition. 
The isotopic composition of the nitrogen in an animal reflects the nitrogen isotopic composition of its diet. The δ^(15)N values of the whole bodies of animals are usually more positive than those of their diets. Different individuals of a species raised on the same diet can have significantly different δ^(15)N values. The variability of the relationship between the δ^(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different species raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets. Different tissues of mice are also enriched in ^(15)N relative to the diet, with the difference between the δ^(15)N values of a tissue and the diet depending on both the kind of tissue and the diet involved. The δ^(15)N values of collagen and chitin, biochemical components that are often preserved in fossil animal remains, are also related to the δ^(15)N value of the diet. 
The dependence of the δ^(15)N values of whole animals and their tissues and biochemical components on the δ^(15)N value of diet indicates that the isotopic composition of animal nitrogen can be used to obtain information about an animal's diet if its potential food sources had different δ^(15)N values. The nitrogen isotopic method of dietary analysis probably can be used to estimate the relative use of legumes vs non-legumes or of aquatic vs terrestrial organisms as food sources for extant and fossil animals. However, the method probably will not be applicable in those modern ecosystems in which the use of chemical fertilizers has influenced the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in food sources. 
The isotopic method of dietary analysis was used to reconstruct changes in the diet of the human population that occupied the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico over a 7000 yr span. Variations in the δ^(15)C and δ^(15)N values of bone collagen suggest that C_4 and/or CAM plants (presumably mostly corn) and legumes (presumably mostly beans) were introduced into the diet much earlier than suggested by conventional archaeological analysis.

Influence of Diet On the Distribtion of Nitrogen Isotopes in Animals

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Modern phylodynamic methods interpret an inferred phylogenetic tree as a partial transmission chain providing information about the dynamic process of transmission and removal (where removal may be due to recovery, death or behaviour change). Birth-death and coalescent processes have been introduced to model the stochastic dynamics of epidemic spread under common epidemiological models such as the SIS and SIR models, and are successfully used to infer phylogenetic trees together with transmission (birth) and removal (death) rates. These methods either integrate analytically over past incidence and prevalence to infer rate parameters, and thus cannot explicitly infer past incidence or prevalence, or allow such inference only in the coalescent limit of large population size. Here we introduce a particle filtering framework to explicitly infer prevalence and incidence trajectories along with phylogenies and epidemiological model parameters from genomic sequences and case count data in a manner consistent with the underlying birth-death model. After demonstrating the accuracy of this method on simulated data, we use it to assess the prevalence through time of the early 2014 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/11/19/142570.full.pdf

Estimating epidemic incidence and prevalence from genomic data

[Extract] Three data sets were examined to define the level of interaction of reef associated sharks with the commercial Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery (CRFFF) within the Great Barrier Reef. Data were examined from; 1) fishery logbooks from 1989-2006; 2) an observer program within the fishery from 1996-1998; and 3) a fishery-independent survey, the Effects of Line Fishing (ELF) Experiment conducted from 1995-2005. The majority of the identified catch in the data sets was comprised of grey reef (62-72%), whitetip reef (16-29%) and blacktip reef (6-13%) sharks. Logbook data were inadequate for assessing the impact of the fishery on specific populations due to lack of species identification and sex or size data for landed sharks. In addition, no data were recorded in logbooks for hooked and released sharks. Logbook catch data revealed that reported landings of sharks were variable through time and across regions. Despite the observed variation, catch per unit effort was relatively stable through time and did not show any signs of increase or decline over the period for which data were available. The ongoing and consistent catches of reef sharks in the fishery may indicate that shark populations within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park have remained relatively stable during the last two decades, though population status relative to unexploited levels could not be estimated. Although the CRFFF has a large fleet of vessels, the majority of shark catch appears to be landed by a small number of vessels.

/pdf/compilation-of-information-on-the-interaction-of-reef-sharks-1goc8rkwj2.pdf

Compilation of information on the interaction of reef sharks with the reef line fishery in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park final report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

This report is the first national perspective of the implications of climate change on recreational fisheries and the recreational fishing industry providing a platform for further discussion of the ecological impact on species and evaluation of adaptation and mitigation options.

Highlighted that, with climate change will come increasing climate variability and stressors such as changing sea level, it is recognised that everything we can do to ensure resilience of fish populations is essential.

Highlighted the need for monitoring to focus on data that can be used to better predict the future, especially in the areas of recruitment and recording species outside their normal range. These are areas where recreational fishers can play a role in data collection.

Recognition of the need for greater flexibility and responsiveness in fisheries management and to move to a whole of stock management approach as climate change alters the dynamics and distribution of fish stocks.

Recognition that understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change on recreational fishing has some important human dimensions, such as understanding the choices fishers make in response to climate change and the flow‐on effects of these choices.

Climate Change and Recreational Fishing: implications of climate change for recreational fishers and the recreational fishing industry

Epidemic/Network-Related Tools

Summary The fragmented Atlantic oakwoods of western Europe are a habitat of conservation importance, and in the UK are threatened by browsing of young trees, invasion by exotic species and under-planting with conifers. Previous research showed that small tree saplings were abundant in Scottish oakwoods, but growth was limited by shading and frequent browsing. Within this study, we aimed to assess whether subsequent changes in deer management had resulted in increased sapling growth, and to determine whether planting of oak within lines of brash left after conifer clearance had offered long-term protection from browsing. Pellet group counts at two sites in Glen Nant, Argyll, indicated that use by red deer, roe deer and sheep was lower than five years previously. Within one site, sapling survival was high despite continued browsing, and some saplings, particularly hazel, had gained substantial height increments. In contrast, at the second site, survival was low and the surviving saplings had managed no net ...

David Welch

Papers

Estimating epidemic incidence and prevalence from genomic data

Compilation of information on the interaction of reef sharks with the reef line fishery in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park final report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

Climate Change and Recreational Fishing: implications of climate change for recreational fishers and the recreational fishing industry

Epidemic/Network-Related Tools

Regeneration in Atlantic oakwoods: has deer management had a beneficial effect?