Metal nanoclusters fill the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles, providing unique opportunities for investigating the quantum effects and precise structure–property correlations at the atomic level. As a versatile strategy, alloying can largely improve the physicochemical performances compared to the corresponding homo-metal nanoclusters, and thus benefit the applications of such nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the achievements of atomically precise alloy nanoclusters, and summarize the alloying principles and fundamentals, including the synthetic methods, site-preferences for different heteroatoms in the templates, and alloying-induced structure and property changes. First, based on various Au or Ag nanocluster templates, heteroatom doping modes are presented. The templates with electronic shell-closing configurations tend to maintain their structures during doping, while the others may undergo transformation and give rise to alloy nanoclusters with new structures. Second, alloy nanoclusters of specific magic sizes are reviewed. The arrangement of different atoms is related to the symmetry of the structures; that is, different atoms are symmetrically located in the nanoclusters of smaller sizes, and evolve into shell-by-shell structures at larger sizes. Then, we elaborate on the alloying effects in terms of optical, electrochemical, electroluminescent, magnetic and chiral properties, as well as the stability and reactivity via comparisons between the doped nanoclusters and their homo-metal counterparts. For example, central heteroatom-induced photoluminescence enhancement is emphasized. The applications of alloy nanoclusters in catalysis, chemical sensing, bio-labeling, and other fields are further discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on existing issues and future efforts. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and controllable doping modes so as to achieve more alloy nanoclusters with customized compositions, structures, and properties for applications. This review is based on publications available up to February 2020.

Atomically precise alloy nanoclusters: syntheses, structures, and properties.

Imaging Hydrogen Bonds The decoration of atomic force microscope tips with terminal CO molecules has afforded much higher resolution of the bonding of adsorbed molecules. Zhang et al. (p. 611, published online 26 September) show that this method, in combination with density function theory calculations, can image and characterize hydrogen-bonding contacts formed between 8-hydroxyquinoline molecules adsorbed on the (111) surface of copper under cryogenic conditions. At room temperature, a different bonding configuration was revealed that was the result of the molecules dehydrogenating on the copper surface and coordinating with surface copper atoms. An atomic force microscope tip bearing a single carbon monoxide molecule was used to resolve hydrogen-bonding contacts between molecules. We report a real-space visualization of the formation of hydrogen bonding in 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-hq) molecular assemblies on a Cu(111) substrate, using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM). The atomically resolved molecular structures enable a precise determination of the characteristics of hydrogen bonding networks, including the bonding sites, orientations, and lengths. The observation of bond contrast was interpreted by ab initio density functional calculations, which indicated the electron density contribution from the hybridized electronic state of the hydrogen bond. Intermolecular coordination between the dehydrogenated 8-hq and Cu adatoms was also revealed by the submolecular resolution AFM characterization. The direct identification of local bonding configurations by NC-AFM would facilitate detailed investigations of intermolecular interactions in complex molecules with multiple active sites.

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Real-space identification of intermolecular bonding with atomic force microscopy

Stop or Go on Oxide Surfaces Direct studies of surface diffusion with instruments such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) have often focused on species on metal surfaces, but surface diffusion can play an important role for reactions on metal oxide surfaces. Li et al. (p. 882) used STM and density functional theory calculations to study how catechol (a benzene ring bearing two −OH groups) diffuses on the surface of the rutile phase of titanium dioxide. Both mobile and immobile species were observed on the time scale of minutes while making repeated STM scans. Hydrogen atom transfers between surface OH groups and the molecule changed the interaction energy between the molecule and the surface, and hence the barrier for diffusion. The diffusion barrier for an organic molecule on a hydroxylated metal oxide surface depends on hydrogen bond formation. Direct studies of how organic molecules diffuse on metal oxide surfaces can provide insights into catalysis and molecular assembly processes. We studied individual catechol molecules, C6H4(OH)2, on a rutile TiO2(110) surface with scanning tunneling microscopy. Surface hydroxyls enhanced the diffusivity of adsorbed catecholates. The capture and release of a proton caused individual molecules to switch between mobile and immobile states within a measurement period of minutes. Density functional theory calculations showed that the transfer of hydrogen from surface hydroxyls to the molecule and its interaction with surface hydroxyls substantially lowered the activation barrier for rotational motion across the surface. Hydrogen bonding can play an essential role in the initial stages of the dynamics of molecular assembly.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR11/MWS_MAR11-2010-004354.pdf

Hydrogen Bonding Controls the Dynamics of Catechol Adsorbed on a TiO$_{2}$(110) Surface

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been widely applied in various fields, such as photovoltaic cell, solar water splitting, photocatalytic pollutant degradation, and so on. Therefore, the reaction me...

Single Molecule Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surfaces.

Surface chemistry and catalysis of oxide model catalysts from single crystals to nanocrystals

High-resolution real-space imaging of nanoparticle surfaces is desirable for better understanding of surface composition and morphology, molecular interactions at the surface, and nanoparticle chemical functionality in its environment. However, achieving molecular or sub-molecular resolution has proven to be very challenging, due to highly curved nanoparticle surfaces and often insufficient knowledge of the monolayer composition. Here, we demonstrate sub-molecular resolution in scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of thiol monolayer of a 5 nm nanoparticle Ag374 protected by tert-butyl benzene thiol. The experimental data is confirmed by comparisons through a pattern recognition algorithm to simulated topography images from density functional theory using the known total structure of the Ag374 nanocluster. Our work demonstrates a working methodology for investigations of structure and composition of organic monolayers on curved nanoparticle surfaces, which helps designing functionalities for nanoparticle-based applications.

/pdf/real-space-imaging-with-pattern-recognition-of-a-ligand-1dqif36m32.pdf

Real-space imaging with pattern recognition of a ligand-protected Ag 374 nanocluster at sub-molecular resolution

Photocatalytic CC bond cleavage in ethylene glycol on TiO2: A molecular level picture and the effect of metal nanoparticles

As the photo-dissociation product of methanol on the TiO2 (110) surface, the diffusion and desorption processes of formaldehyde (HCHO) were investigated by using scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and density functional theory (DFT). The molecular-level images revealed the HCHO molecules could diffuse and desorb on the surface at 80 K under UV laser irradiation. The diffusion was found to be mediated by hydrogen adatoms nearby, which were produced from photodissociation of methanol. Diffusion of HCHO was significantly decreased when there was only one H adatom near the HCHO molecule. Furthermore, single HCHO molecule adsorbed on the bare TiO2(110) surface was quite stable, little photo-desorption was observed during laser irradiation. The mechanism of hydroxyl groups assisted diffusion of formaldehyde was also investigated using theoretical calculations.

Dawei Guan

Papers

Real-space imaging with pattern recognition of a ligand-protected Ag 374 nanocluster at sub-molecular resolution

Photocatalytic CC bond cleavage in ethylene glycol on TiO2: A molecular level picture and the effect of metal nanoparticles

Diffusion of Formaldehyde on Rutile TiO2(110) Assisted by Surface Hydroxyl Groups