A novel virus, designated swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV), was identified in pigs. Swine HEV crossreacts with antibody to the human HEV capsid antigen. Swine HEV is a ubiquitous agent and the majority of swine ≥3 months of age in herds from the midwestern United States were seropositive. Young pigs naturally infected by swine HEV were clinically normal but had microscopic evidence of hepatitis, and developed viremia prior to seroconversion. The entire ORFs 2 and 3 were amplified by reverse transcription–PCR from sera of naturally infected pigs. The putative capsid gene (ORF2) of swine HEV shared about 79–80% sequence identity at the nucleotide level and 90–92% identity at the amino acid level with human HEV strains. The small ORF3 of swine HEV had 83–85% nucleotide sequence identity and 77–82% amino acid identity with human HEV strains. Phylogenetic analyses showed that swine HEV is closely related to, but distinct from, human HEV strains. The discovery of swine HEV not only has implications for HEV vaccine development, diagnosis, and biology, but also raises a potential public health concern for zoonosis or xenozoonosis following xenotransplantation with pig organs.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/94/18/9860.full.pdf

A novel virus in swine is closely related to the human hepatitis E virus

Many questions have been posed about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis. Is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both necessary and sufficient to cause AIDS? Is AIDS essentially an autoimmune disease, triggering apoptosis, or is virus infection the cause of T helper lymphocyte depletion? What is the significance of HIV tropism and the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in AIDS? Is there viral latency and why is there usually a long period between infection and AIDS? Is HIV variation a crucial aspect of its pathogenesis and, if so, do virulent strains emerge? Although this article provides few definitive answers, it aims to focus commentary on salient points. Overall, it is increasingly evident that both the tropism and burden of HIV infection correlate closely with the manifestations of disease.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/260/5112/1273.full.pdf

How does HIV cause AIDS

We propose that retroviruses exploit a cell-encoded pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic, exosome exchange, for both the biogenesis of retroviral particles and a low-efficiency but mechanistically important mode of infection. This Trojan exosome hypothesis reconciles current paradigms of retrovirus-directed transmission with the unique lipid composition of retroviral particles, the host cell proteins present in retroviral particles, the complex cell biology of retroviral release, and the ability of retroviruses to infect cells independently of Envelope protein-receptor interactions. An exosomal origin also predicts that retroviruses pose an unsolvable paradox for adaptive immune responses, that retroviral antigen vaccines are unlikely to provide prophylactic protection, and that alloimmunity is a central component of antiretroviral immunity. Finally, the Trojan exosome hypothesis has important implications for the fight against HIV and AIDS, including how to develop new antiretroviral therapies, assess the risk of retroviral infection, and generate effective antiretroviral vaccines.

/pdf/the-trojan-exosome-hypothesis-1qiaci9a6w.pdf

The Trojan exosome hypothesis.

Replicon-Helper Systems from Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus: Expression of Heterologous Genes in Vitro and Immunization against Heterologous Pathogens in Vivo

In this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-G envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. After delivery of rabies-G pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. This retrograde transport to appropriate distal neurons was also demonstrated after delivery to substantia nigra, hippocampus and spinal cord and did not occur when vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped vectors were delivered to these sites. In addition, peripheral administration of rabies-G pseudotyped vectors to the rat gastrocnemius muscle leads to gene transfer in motoneurons of lumbar spinal cord. In contrast the same vector pseudotyped with VSV-G transduced muscle cells surrounding the injection site, but did not result in expression in any cells in the spinal cord. Long-term expression was observed after gene transfer in the nervous system and a minimal immune response which, together with the possibility of non-invasive administration, greatly extends the utility of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy of human neurological disease.

/pdf/rabies-virus-glycoprotein-pseudotyping-of-lentiviral-vectors-12pt1f9y46.pdf

Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery

PART ONE MECHANISMS OF DISEASE AND PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT Chapter 1 The Equine Immune System 1.1 Equine Immunology 1.2 Hypersensitivity Autoimmunity 1.3 Immunodeficiency 1.4 Immunomodulators Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease 2.1 Mechanisms of Establishment and Spread of Bacterial and Fungal Infections 2.2 Mechanisms of Establishment and Spread of Viral Infections 2.3 Internal Parasite Infections 2.4 Rickettsial Diseases Chapter 3 Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems 3.1 Syncope and Weakness 3.2 Polyuria and Polydipsia 3.3 Edema 3.4 Changes in Body Weight 3.5 Abdominal Distention 3.6 Dysphagia 3.7 Respiratory Distress 3.8 Cough 3.9 Changes in Body Temperature 3.10 Diarrhea 3.11 Clinical Assessment of Poor Performance Chapter 4 Pharmacologic Principles 4.1 Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology 4.2 Antimicrobial Therapy 4.3 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs 4.4 Respiratory Pharmacology Chapter 5 Clinical Nutrition Chapter 6 Critical Care PART TWO DISORDERS OF SPECIFIC BODY SYSTEMS Chapter 7 Disorders of the Respiratory System Chapter 8 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Chapter 9 Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System Chapter 10 Disorders of the Neurologic System Chapter 11 Disorders of the Skin Chapter 12 Disorders of the Hematopoietic System Chapter 13 Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System 13.1 Examination for Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract 13.2 Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Inflammation 13.3 Pathophysiology of Diarrhea 13.4 Malabsorption Syndromes and Maldigestion: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Management and Outcome 13.5 Pathophysiology of Mucosal Injury and Repair 13.6 Gastrointestinal Ileus 13.7 Endotoxemia 13.8 Oral Diseases 13.9 Esophageal Diseases 13.10 Diseases of the Stomach 13.11 Duodentitis/Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis) 13.12 Proliferative and Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases Associated with Malabsorption and Maldigestion 13.13 Inflammatory Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract Causing Diarrhea 13.14 Ischemic Disorders of the Intestinal Tract 13.15 Obstructive Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract 13.16 Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract 13.17 Peritonitis Chapter 14 Disorders of the Liver Chapter 15 Equine Ophthalmology Chapter 16 Disorders of the Reproductive System Chapter 17 Disorders of the Urinary System Chapter 18 Disorders of the Endocrine System 18.1 Calcium Disorders 18.2 Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Equine Cushing's Disease) 18.3 Thyroid Gland 18.4 The Adrenal Glands 18.5 Endocrine Pancreas 18.6 Magnesium Disorders Chapter 19 Disorders of Foals Chapter 20 Toxicologic Problems Chapter 21 Veterinary Epidemiology

Equine Internal Medicine

Equine infectious diseases , Equine infectious diseases , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Equine infectious diseases

Identification of potential physiological and behavioral indicators of postoperative pain in horses after exploratory celiotomy for colic

A randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial was performed to determine whether butorphanol administered by continuous rate infusion (CRI) for 24 hours after abdominal surgery would decrease pain and surgical stress responses and improve recovery in horses. Thirty-one horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for abdominal pain were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol CRI (13 microg/kg/h for 24 hours after surgery; treatment) or isotonic saline (control). All horses received flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV q12h). There were no significant differences between treatment and control horses in preoperative or operative variables. Treatment horses had significantly lower plasma cortisol concentration compared with control horses at 2, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. Mean weight loss while hospitalized was significantly less for treatment horses than control horses, whether expressed as total decrease in body weight (13.9+/-3.4 and 27.9+/-4.5 kg, respectively) or as a percentage decrease in body weight (2.6+/-0.7 and 6.3+/-1.1%, respectively). Treatment horses were significantly delayed in time to first passage of feces (median times of 15 and 4 hours, respectively). Treatment horses had significantly improved behavior scores during the first 24 hours after surgery, consistent with the conclusion that they experienced less pain during that time. Butorphanol CRI during the immediate postoperative period significantly decreased plasma cortisol concentrations and improved recovery characteristics in horses undergoing abdominal surgery.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02585.x

Effects of Continuous Rate Intravenous Infusion of Butorphanol on Physiologic and Outcome Variables in Horses after Celiotomy

Specific Restrictions in the Progression of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus-Induced Disease Resulting from Single Amino Acid Changes in the Glycoproteins

Debra C. Sellon

Papers

Equine Internal Medicine

Equine infectious diseases

Identification of potential physiological and behavioral indicators of postoperative pain in horses after exploratory celiotomy for colic

Effects of Continuous Rate Intravenous Infusion of Butorphanol on Physiologic and Outcome Variables in Horses after Celiotomy

Specific Restrictions in the Progression of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus-Induced Disease Resulting from Single Amino Acid Changes in the Glycoproteins