Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources

Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology

Phenolics in Food and Nutraceuticals is the first single-source compendium of essential information concerning food phenolics. This unique book reports the classification and nomenclature of phenolics, their occurrence in food and nutraceuticals, chemistry and applications, and nutritional and health effects. In addition, it describes antioxidant activity of phenolics in food and nutraceuticals as well as methods for analysis and quantification. Each chapter concludes with an extensive bibliography for further reading. Food scientists, nutritionists, chemists, biochemists, and health professionals will find this book valuable.

Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals

Degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides is of major importance in the food and feed, beverage, textile, and paper and pulp industries, as well as in several other industrial production processes. Enzymatic degradation of these polymers has received attention for many years and is becoming a more and more attractive alternative to chemical and mechanical processes. Over the past 15 years, much progress has been made in elucidating the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides and in characterizing the enzymes involved in their degradation and the genes of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms encoding these enzymes. The members of the fungal genus Aspergillus are commonly used for the production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. This genus produces a wide spectrum of cell wall-degrading enzymes, allowing not only complete degradation of the polysaccharides but also tailored modifications by using specific enzymes purified from these fungi. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from aspergilli and the genes by which they are encoded.

Aspergillus Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Wine is a highly complex mixture of compounds which largely define its appearance, aroma, flavour and mouth-feel properties. The compounds responsible for those attributes have been derived in turn from three major sources, viz. grapes, microbes and, when used, wood (most commonly, oak). The grape-derived compounds provide varietal distinction in addition to giving wine its basic structure. Thus, the floral monoterpenes largely define Muscat-related wines and the fruity volatile thiols define Sauvignon-related wines; the grape acids and tannins, together with alcohol, contribute the palate and mouth-feel properties. Yeast fermentation of sugars not only produces ethanol and carbon dioxide but a range of minor but sensorially important volatile metabolites which gives wine its vinous character. These volatile metabolites, which comprise esters, higher alcohols, carbonyls, volatile fatty acids and sulfur compounds, are derived from sugar and amino acid metabolism. The malolactic fermentation, when needed, not only provides deacidification, but can enhance the flavour profile.

The aroma and flavour profile of wine is the result of an almost infinite number of variations in production, whether in the vineyard or the winery. In addition to the obvious, such as the grapes selected, the winemaker employs a variety of techniques and tools to produce wines with specific flavour profiles. One of these tools is the choice of microorganism to conduct fermentation. During alcoholic fermentation, the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae brings forth the major changes between grape must and wine: modifying aroma, flavour, mouth-feel, colour and chemical complexity. The wine bacterium Oenococcus oeni adds its contribution to wines that undergo malolactic fermentation. Thus flavour-active yeasts and bacterial strains can produce desirable sensory results by helping to extract compounds from the solids in grape must, by modifying grape-derived molecules and by producing flavour-active metabolites. This article reviews some of the most important flavour compounds found in wine, and their microbiological origin.

Yeast and bacterial modulation of wine aroma and flavour

Handbook of Enology: The Chemistry of Wine Stabilization and Treatments

THE CHEMISTRY OF WINE. Organic Acids in Wine. Alcohols and Other Volatile Compounds. Carbohydrates. Dry Extract and Minerals. Nitrogen Compounds. Phenolic Compounds. Varietal Aroma. STABILIZATION AND TREATMENTS OF WINE. Chemical Nature, Origins and Consequences of the Main Organoleptic Defects. The Concept of Clarity and Colloidal Phenomena. Clarification and Stabilization Treatments: Fining Wine. Clarifying Wine by Filtration and Centrifugation. Stabilizing Wine by Physical and Physicochemical Processes. Aging Red Wines in Vat and Barrel: Phenomena Occurring During Aging. Index.

Handbook of enology

The three main components of terroir—soil, climate, and cultivar—were studied simultaneously. Vine development and berry composition of nonirrigated Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot, Cabernet franc, and Cabernet Sauvignon were compared on a gravelly soil, a soil with a heavy clay subsoil, and a sandy soil with a water table within the reach of the roots. The influence of climate was assessed with year-to-year variations of maximum and minimum temperatures, degree days (base of 10°C), sunshine hours, ETo, rainfall, and water balance for the period 1996 to 2000. The effects of climate, soil, and cultivar were found to be highly significant with regard to vine behavior and berry composition (an example being anthocyanin concentration). The impacts of climate and soil were greater than that of cultivar. Many of the variables correlated with the intensity of vine water stress. It is likely that the effects of climate and soil on fruit quality are mediated through their influence on vine water status.

http://www.oliviertregoat.com/influence_of_climate_soil_cultivar.pdf

Influence of Climate, Soil, and Cultivar on Terroir

Description: Since the discovery of the role of yeast and alcoholic fermentation in transforming grape juice into wine in the 19th century, many scientific experiments in microbiology, biochemistry and chemistry have provided the basis for accurate definitions of the technological practices used in making different wines and continuous improvements in production conditions, as well as, consequently, the quality of the various types of wine. In 1999, the first edition of the Handbook of Enology volume 1 "The microbiology of wine and vinification" provided an overview of scientific knowledge at that time and its application in techniques commonly used during the first stage in winemaking, from the grape harvest to the end of the fermentation processes. This new edition reaps the benefits of new developments based on the latest findings produced by extremely active scientific research in this field. There have been significant changes in the new version, including in–depth modifications to present updated knowledge as well as additional paragraphs covering entirely new topics. Altogether, the new edition has approximately 10% more pages than the previous version. This new, updated handbook provides valuable information for winemakers, enology students, and, in general, for biochemistry and microbiology specialists interested in the scientific and technical issues involved in vinification.

Handbook of Enology: The Microbiology of Wine and Vinifications

https://web.stanford.edu/class/linguist62n/morrot01colorofodors.pdf

Denis Dubourdieu

Papers

Handbook of Enology: The Chemistry of Wine Stabilization and Treatments

Handbook of enology

Influence of Climate, Soil, and Cultivar on Terroir

Handbook of Enology: The Microbiology of Wine and Vinifications

The color of odors.