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Systematics And The Origin Of Species

Physical activity (PA) may modify the genetic effects that give rise to increased risk of obesity. To identify adiposity loci whose effects are modified by PA, we performed genome-wide interaction meta-analyses of BMI and BMI-adjusted waist circumference and waist-hip ratio from up to 200,452 adults of European (n = 180,423) or other ancestry (n = 20,029). We standardized PA by categorizing it into a dichotomous variable where, on average, 23% of participants were categorized as inactive and 77% as physically active. While we replicate the interaction with PA for the strongest known obesity-risk locus in the FTO gene, of which the effect is attenuated by ~30% in physically active individuals compared to inactive individuals, we do not identify additional loci that are sensitive to PA. In additional genome-wide meta-analyses adjusting for PA and interaction with PA, we identify 11 novel adiposity loci, suggesting that accounting for PA or other environmental factors that contribute to variation in adiposity may facilitate gene discovery.

/pdf/genome-wide-physical-activity-interactions-in-adiposity-a-3umfne4wx9.pdf

Genome-wide physical activity interactions in adiposity. A meta-analysis of 200,452 adults

Mutations in multiple genes of the growth hormone/IGF-I axis have been identified in syndromes marked by growth failure. However, no pathogenic human mutations have been reported in the six high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) or their regulators, such as the metalloproteinase pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) that is hypothesized to increase IGF-I bioactivity by specific proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP-3 and -5. Multiple members of two unrelated families presented with progressive growth failure, moderate microcephaly, thin long bones, mildly decreased bone density and elevated circulating total IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and -5, acid labile subunit, and IGF-II concentrations. Two different homozygous mutations in PAPPA2, p.D643fs25* and p.Ala1033Val, were associated with this novel syndrome of growth failure. In vitro analysis of IGFBP cleavage demonstrated that both mutations cause a complete absence of PAPP-A2 proteolytic activity. Size-exclusion chromatography showed a significant increase in IGF-I bound in its ternary complex. Free IGF-I concentrations were decreased. These patients provide important insights into the regulation of longitudinal growth in humans, documenting the critical role of PAPP-A2 in releasing IGF-I from its BPs.

https://www.embopress.org/doi/pdf/10.15252/emmm.201506106

Mutations in pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 cause short stature due to low IGF-I availability

Exposure of plants and animals to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280–315 nm) is modified by stratospheric ozone dynamics and climate change. Even though stabilisation and projected recovery of stratospheric ozone is expected to curtail future increases in UV-B radiation at the Earth's surface, on-going changes in climate are increasingly exposing plants and animals to novel combinations of UV-B radiation and other climate change factors (e.g., ultraviolet-A and visible radiation, water availability, temperature and elevated carbon dioxide). Climate change is also shifting vegetation cover, geographic ranges of species, and seasonal timing of development, which further modifies exposure to UV-B radiation. Since our last assessment, there has been increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plants perceive UV-B radiation, eliciting changes in growth, development and tolerances of abiotic and biotic factors. However, major questions remain on how UV-B radiation is interacting with other climate change factors to modify the production and quality of crops, as well as important ecosystem processes such as plant and animal competition, pest–pathogen interactions, and the decomposition of dead plant matter (litter). In addition, stratospheric ozone depletion is directly contributing to climate change in the southern hemisphere, such that terrestrial ecosystems in this region are being exposed to altered patterns of precipitation, temperature and fire regimes as well as UV-B radiation. These ozone-driven changes in climate have been implicated in both increases and reductions in the growth, survival and reproduction of plants and animals in Antarctica, South America and New Zealand. In this assessment, we summarise advances in our knowledge of these and other linkages and effects, and identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps that limit our ability to fully evaluate the ecological consequences of these environmental changes on terrestrial ecosystems.

/pdf/linkages-between-stratospheric-ozone-uv-radiation-and-4gsnshkjmr.pdf

Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems

Aim Size and shape of the mandible are investigated across the latitudinal range of theEuropean wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), in order to address the relative import-ance of genetic structure, insularity, and geographical gradient in patterning morpho-logical variation. Results are compared with those on two Asiatic species of wood mice,A. argenteus and A. speciosus.Location The European wood mouse is sampled by a set of trapping localities includingboth, islands and mainland populations, as well as the four genetic groups identiﬁed inprevious studies. The localities cover a latitudinal gradient from 55 Nto36 N.Methods Different Fourier methods are applied to the outlines of mandibles and theirresults compared in the case of A. sylvaticus. All provide similar results and allow aquantiﬁcation of the size and shape variations across the geographical range of theEuropean wood mouse. Using the method allowing for the best reduction of theinformative data set, a comparison of the European wood mouse with the two Asiaticspecies was performed.Results Within the European wood mouse A. sylvaticus, a strong latitudinal gradient inmandible shape overrides the inﬂuence of insularity and genetic structure. Yet, randommorphological divergence in insular conditions can be identiﬁed as a secondary processof shape differentiation. Size displays no obvious pattern of variation, neither withinsularity or latitude. A comparison with two other species of wood mice suggests that asimilar latitudinal gradient in mandible shape exists in different species, mandibles beingﬂatter in the north and wider in the south.Main conclusion The latitudinal gradient in mandible shape observed in the threespecies of wood mice is interpreted as an intraspeciﬁc adaptive response to gradualchanges in feeding behaviour.KeywordsShape, size, mandible, Apodemus, Rodentia, latitude, island biogeography, morpho-metrics, Fourier analysis.INTRODUCTIONSize of organisms has long been recognized to displayimportant biogeographical variations. The trend towards anincrease in size with latitude, or Bergmann’s rule (Bergmann,1847; Mayr, 1942), has been demonstrated in mammals andinvertebrates (Ray, 1960; Chapelle & Peck, 1999). Sizechanges can also be the consequence of isolation such as inthe islands, where small mammals like rodents will tend tobecome larger, whereas large mammals tend to be smaller(Foster, 1964; Lomolino, 1985; Michaux et al., 2002b).Apart from size, the shape of organs is of prime import-ance in the interaction of the organism with its environment.Taxonomic differentiation is commonly associated withmorphological divergence, but patterns of intraspeciﬁcvariation are less investigated. Still, genetic structure(Auffray et al., 1996; Corti & Rohlf, 2001) and insularity

Adaptive latitudinal trends in the mandible shape of Apodemus wood mice

Pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) is a protease of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and is receiving increasing attention for its roles in pregnancy and postnatal growth. The goals of the present study were to characterize the effects of PAPP-A2 deletion on bone size and shape in mice at 10 weeks of age, and to determine whether Pappa2 is the gene responsible for a previously-identified quantitative trait locus (QTL) contributing to natural variation in postnatal growth in mice. Mice homozygous for constitutive PAPP-A2 deletion were lighter than wild-type littermates, and had smaller mandible dimensions and shorter skull, humerus, femur, tibia, pelvic girdle, and tail bone. Furthermore, PAPP-A2 deletion reduced mandible dimensions and the lengths of the skull, femur, pelvic girdle, and tail bone more than would be expected due to the effect on body mass. In addition to its effects on bone size, PAPP-A2 deficiency also altered the shape of the mandible and pelvic girdle, as assessed by geometric morphometrics. Mice homozygous for the PAPP-A2 deletion had less deep mandibles, and pelvic girdles with a more feminine shape. Using a quantitative complementation test, we confirmed that Pappa2 is responsible for the effects of the previously-identified QTL, demonstrating that natural variation in the Pappa2 gene contributes to variation in postnatal growth in mice. If similar functional variation in the Pappa2 gene exists in other species, effects of this variation on the shape of the pelvic girdle might explain the previously-reported associations between Pappa2 SNPs and developmental dysplasia of the hip in humans, and birthing in cattle.

/pdf/pregnancy-associated-plasma-protein-a2-papp-a2-affects-bone-32wpg88xbz.pdf

Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A2 (PAPP-A2) Affects Bone Size and Shape and Contributes to Natural Variation in Postnatal Growth in Mice

Speciation is one of the most important processes in biology, yet the study of the genomic changes underlying this process is in its infancy. North American warbler species Setophaga townsendi and Setophaga occidentalis hybridize in a stable hybrid zone, following a period of geographic separation. Genomic differentiation accumulated during geographic isolation can be homogenized by introgression at secondary contact, whereas genetic regions that cause low hybrid fitness can be shielded from such introgression. Here, we examined the genomic underpinning of speciation by investigating (1) the genetic basis of divergent pigmentation traits between species, (2) variation in differentiation across the genome, and (3) the evidence for selection maintaining differentiation in the pigmentation genes. Using tens of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in hundreds of individuals within and near the hybrid zone, genome-wide association mapping revealed a single SNP associated with cheek, crown, breast coloration, and flank streaking, reflecting pleiotropy (one gene affecting multiple traits) or close physical linkage of different genes affecting different traits. This SNP is within an intron of the RALY gene, hence we refer to it as the RALY SNP. We then examined between-species genomic differentiation, using both genotyping-by-sequencing and whole genome sequencing. We found that the RALY SNP is within one of the highest peaks of differentiation, which contains three genes known to influence pigmentation: ASIP, EIF2S2, and RALY (the ASIP-RALY gene block). Heterozygotes at this gene block are likely of reduced fitness, as the geographic cline of the RALY SNP has been narrow over two decades. Together, these results reflect at least one barrier to gene flow within this narrow (∼200 kb) genomic region that modulates plumage difference between species. Despite extensive gene flow between species across the genome, this study provides evidence that selection on a phenotype-associated genomic region maintains a stable species boundary.

Selection on a small genomic region underpins differentiation in multiple color traits between two warbler species.

1. Variation in offspring development is expected to be driven by constraints on resource allocation between growth and maintenance (e.g., thermoregulation). Rapid post-natal development decreases predation risk to offspring, while inclement weather likely prolongs development. For taxa with parental care, parental behaviour may partially buffer offspring against extrinsic drivers like predation risk and severe weather. 2. Using a 7-year dataset from an alpine population of horned lark Eremophila alpestris, a ground-nesting songbird in northern British Columbia, Canada, we investigated multiple potential drivers of variation in the duration of incubation and nestling development. 3. Using path analysis, we evaluated the direct effects of weather, predation risk, and parental care on offspring development, as well as, indirect developmental ‘carry-over’ effects of conditions during incubation on the nestling period. 4. Nestling period duration varied by nearly 100% (7–13 days) and incubation duration by 40% (10–14 days). Cold ambient temperatures late in the nestling period prolonged development by 1 day for every 2 days below 10°C; particularly when combined with heavy precipitation. Rapid nestling development was associated with high predation risk, and prolonging development incurred a nest survival cost (–2.3%/day). Females in good condition created nest environments that promoted rapid nestling development periods (average = 8–9 days) compared to poor condition females during harsh, early-season conditions (10–11 days), indicating parental buffering capabilities against environmental constraints. Fledging age was weakly correlated with incubation duration (r = –0.21) suggesting minimal developmental carry-over effects. 5. Given high nest predation risk, immediate fitness benefits can be derived by overcoming environmental constraints and reducing development time. While predation risk was influential, inclement weather and maternal condition had stronger effects on variation in offspring development. Addressing multiple drivers of variation in key life-history traits can A cc ep te d A rt ic le This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. provide important context for understanding life-history theory under changing environmental conditions.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13273

Variation in offspring development is driven more by weather and maternal condition than predation risk

Substrate and structure of ground nests have fitness consequences for an alpine songbird

Parental provisioning rates influence nestling development with consequences for their survival and fitness as adults, but provisioning behavior can be disrupted by predation risk. For an alpine population of Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) on Hudson Bay Mountain, British Columbia, we tested the effects of perceived predation risk on parental provisioning behavior. Using a repeated measures experimental design, we presented nests with decoys representing 3 levels of predation risk: (1) a scent-oriented predator (red fox; Vulpes vulpes), (2) a visually oriented predator (Common Raven; Corvus corax), and (3) a noncompetitive sympatric species (Savannah Sparrow; Passerculus sandwichensis) as a control. We found that elevated perceived predation risk decreased parental nest visitation rate by 65.6% compared to the control rate (mean 0.64 [SE 0.04] visits per 10 min), with no difference in response to predators that use visual (raven: 0.17 [0.03]) or olfactory (fox: 0.27 [0.04]) cues after controll...

https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-130/issue-1/16-150.1/Predation-risk-induced-adjustments-in-provisioning-behavior-for-Horned-Lark/10.1676/16-150.1.pdf

Devin R. de Zwaan

Papers

Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A2 (PAPP-A2) Affects Bone Size and Shape and Contributes to Natural Variation in Postnatal Growth in Mice

Selection on a small genomic region underpins differentiation in multiple color traits between two warbler species.

Variation in offspring development is driven more by weather and maternal condition than predation risk

Substrate and structure of ground nests have fitness consequences for an alpine songbird

Predation risk-induced adjustments in provisioning behavior for Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) in British Columbia