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Experimental And Quasi Experimental Designs For Research

Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

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The growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences

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Fear of crime : interpreting victimization risk

Governing through Crime in South AfricaWarum Nationen scheiternGoverning Immigration Through CrimeMafia-LebenScaleDer VorsorgestaatHandbuch JugendkriminalitätThe Crime ConundrumDie SicherheitsgesellschaftDurchbrüche ins Soziale eine Festschrift für Rudolph BauerKriminalitätskontrolle als IndustrieStrafanstalt als BesserungsmaschineDie Vielfalt des RegierensThe Social Sustainability of CitiesGoverning through Crime in South AfricaSurveillance and GovernanceGoverning Through CrimeOrganized crimeDemocratic Theory and Mass IncarcerationCheliax Imperium der Teufel11-SepDefinition und Grenzen der Vorverlagerung von StrafbarkeitMass Incarceration on TrialAlternative CriminologiesGoverning Through Crime : How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of FearCriminal Justice Theory, Volume 26Governing through crime?Laws against strikes. The South African Experience in an international and Comparative PerspectiveIntroduction to critical criminologyGoverning Through Crime in the Northern Territory: Are Criminal Justice System Changes Contributing to Rising Indigenous Imprisonment?After the War on CrimeGoverning Through CrimeInterdisziplinäre RechtsforschungDer CSI-Effekt in DeutschlandThe Contested Politics of MobilityGoverning through Globalised CrimeNeue Theorien des RechtsGoverning Through Globalised CrimeCriminological PerspectivesThe Legal Process and the Promise of Justice

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.1.129

:Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear

It is commonly accepted that Black and White Americans hold divergent views about the criminal justice system. Furthermore, many accept the view that U.S. public opinion is unflinchingly punitive where issues of criminal justice policy are concerned, with this punitiveness among White Americans deriving to a significant degree from anti-Black prejudice. Using a series of survey-based experiments and large, nationally representative samples of White and African American respondents, we subject the questions of Black-White polarization, unyielding punitiveness, and the influence of racial prejudice to close scrutiny. Our results, first, confirm large Black-White differences in opinion with Blacks consistently less punitive than Whites. These differences are substantially a result of beliefs about the extent of racial bias in the criminal justice system. Second, the framing experiments suggest that responses to the death penalty are very different than responses to drug-related crimes like crack or powder cocaine use, with the former exhibiting far less malleability than the latter. Third, racial prejudice is a consistently large influence on White public opinion and a weaker, but sometimes important influence among Blacks as well. Implications for discourse on race and crime are also discussed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1742058X04040081

A TASTE FOR PUNISHMENT: Black and White Americans' Views on the Death Penalty and the War on Drugs

Previous research on the sources of punitive attitudes has largely focused on the cognitive and demographic factors associated with the desire to punish criminals harshly. This study focuses on the link between affect and punitiveness by examining the relationship between anger about crime and support for punitive criminal penalties. Using national survey data from the USA, this research shows that anger about crime is a significant predictor of punitive attitudes, after controlling for other factors such as racial prejudice, fear of crime, causal attributions for criminal behavior, and political ideology. The findings indicate the need for more research on the relationship between emotions and punitiveness.

Anger about crime and support for punitive criminal justice policies

Research on procedural justice and legitimacy has expanded greatly across the social sciences in recent years. The process-based model of regulation, which links people's assessments of procedural justice and legitimacy to their compliance with the law and legal authorities, has become particularly influential in criminology and sociolegal studies. A review of the previous research on perceived legitimacy highlights two important features. First, legitimacy has been conceptualized and measured in many different ways. Second, most of the research on legitimacy has focused on only a handful of developed nations. Using survey data from Trinidad and Tobago, this article examines the conceptualization and measurement of the perceived legitimacy of the law and legal authorities. The findings indicate that some of the prominent conceptual and measurement models used in previous research are not empirically valid in the Trinidadian context. The implications of the results for conceptualization, theory, and future research are discussed.With roots in philosophy, political theory, and social psychology, the idea of legitimacy occupies an important role in scholarship across the social sciences, including psychology (e.g., Lind and Tyler 1988), organizational theory (e.g., Elsbach 2001), political science (e.g., Easton 1979), and criminology and sociolegal studies (e.g., Smith 2007; Sunshine and Tyler 2003; Tyler 2006; Tyler and Huo 2002). Subjective assessments of the legitimacy of authority, whether in the form of individuals or institutions, are thought to influence a wide range of human behaviors, from child obedience and worker productivity, to decisions about whether to obey the law or comply with legal authorities. Legitimacy assessments play an increasingly important role in a diverse scholarly literature on how people think about and respond to authority.In criminology and sociolegal studies, a rapidly developing body of scholarship focuses on the antecedents and consequences of the perceived legitimacy of law and legal authorities. The most well-known causal model linking perceived legitimacy to its antecedents and consequences is Tyler's process-based model of regulation (e.g., Sunshine and Tyler 2003; Tyler 2006; Tyler and Huo 2002). In this model, perceived legitimacy mediates the relationship between people's perceptions of the procedural justice of legal authorities and their decisions about whether to obey the law or comply with the directives of legal authorities. According to this perspective, people assess the procedural justice employed by legal authorities like police officers, prosecutors, judges, and prison guards. These procedural justice judgments have a powerful influence on their more general assessments of the legitimacy of the law and legal institutions, which in turn influence people's willingness to obey the law and comply with the directives of legal authorities. Thus, according to the process-based model, when legal authorities treat people in a procedurally just manner, their behaviors promote the legitimacy of law and legal institutions and cultivate compliance and other beneficial outcomes like cooperation and support (Sunshine and Tyler 2003; Tankebe 2009; Tyler 2006; Tyler and Fagan 2008; Tyler and Huo 2002).The process-based model of regulation is appealing for many reasons. From a theoretical perspective, it proposes an elegant set of causal relationships between procedural justice, legitimacy, and compliance with the law and legal authorities. Moreover, it serves as a compelling counterweight to deterrence, the most common or instinctual explanation for why people obey the law (Tyler 2006). The process-based model is also inherently testable or refutable, thus satisfying a key condition for good scientific theory (Blumer 1954). The model is also appealing from a philosophical perspective because it suggests that authority figures should treat people fairly, not only because it can satisfy the Kantian imperative to do the right thing, but because it also satisfies utilitarian objectives by generating socially meaningful outcomes. …

Public Perceptions of the Legitimacy of the Law and Legal Authorities: Evidence from the Caribbean

Racial prejudice, perceived injustice, and the Black-White gap in punitive attitudes

Examines the influence of positive, negative, and neutral police behavior during traffic stops on citizen perceptions of police. Participants were randomly assigned to view a video clip of a simulated traffic stop in which the officer communicates with the driver in a positive (procedurally just), negative (procedurally unjust), or neutral manner. After viewing the video, participants completed a survey about their perceptions of police, including their level of trust in police, obligation to obey police orders, and willingness to cooperate with police. Observing positive interactions with police enhanced people’s self-reported willingness to cooperate with police, obligation to obey police and the law, and trust and confidence in police, whereas observing negative interactions undermined these outcomes. The effects of these interactions were much stronger for encounter-specific outcomes than for more general outcomes. The results from this randomized experiment confirm that procedural justice can enhance people’s prosocial attitudes toward police, whereas procedural injustice can undermine these attitudes. While positive (procedurally just) interactions tend to have weaker effects than negative (procedurally unjust) interactions, this study finds little support for the notion that only negative experiences shape people’s views about the police.

Devon Johnson

Papers

A TASTE FOR PUNISHMENT: Black and White Americans' Views on the Death Penalty and the War on Drugs

Anger about crime and support for punitive criminal justice policies

Public Perceptions of the Legitimacy of the Law and Legal Authorities: Evidence from the Caribbean

Racial prejudice, perceived injustice, and the Black-White gap in punitive attitudes

Evaluating the relative impact of positive and negative encounters with police: a randomized experiment