Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems

"Nanoantibiotics": a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era.

Albumin-based nanoparticles as potential controlled release drug delivery systems.

This review focuses on the development of nanoparticle systems for antimicrobial drug delivery. Numerous antimicrobial drugs have been prescribed to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Even though the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs has been well established, inefficient delivery could result in inadequate therapeutic index and local and systemic side effects including cutaneous irritation, peeling, scaling and gut flora reduction. Nanostructured biomaterials, nanoparticles in particular, have unique physicochemical properties such as ultra small and controllable size, large surface area to mass ratio, high reactivity, and functionalizable structure. These properties can be applied to facilitate the administration of antimicrobial drugs, thereby overcoming some of the limitations in traditional antimicrobial therapeutics. In recent years, encapsulation of antimicrobial drugs in nanoparticle systems has emerged as an innovative and promising alternative that enhances therapeutic effectiveness and minimizes undesirable side effects of the drugs. Here the current progress and challenges in synthesizing nanoparticle platforms for delivering various antimicrobial drugs are reviewed. We also call attention to the need to unite the shared interest between nanoengineers and microbiologists in developing nanotechnology for the treatment of microbial diseases.

Development of Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Drug Delivery

Mucoadhesion is commonly defined as the adhesion between two materials, at least one of which is a mucosal surface. Over the past few decades, mucosal drug delivery has received a great deal of attention. Mucoadhesive dosage forms may be designed to enable prolonged retention at the site of application, providing a controlled rate of drug release for improved therapeutic outcome. Application of dosage forms to mucosal surfaces may be of benefit to drug molecules not amenable to the oral route, such as those that undergo acid degradation or extensive first-pass metabolism. The mucoadhesive ability of a dosage form is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the nature of the mucosal tissue and the physicochemical properties of the polymeric formulation. This review article aims to provide an overview of the various aspects of mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive materials, factors affecting mucoadhesion, evaluating methods, and finally various mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (buccal, nasal, ocular, gastro, vaginal, and rectal).

/pdf/mucoadhesive-drug-delivery-systems-ykjdak24fw.pdf

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.

The aim of the present study was to develop single dose delivery systems based on nanotechnology for prolonged antibiotic release in a controlled manner. Five different drug-carrier ratios of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded nanoparticles of albumin, gelatin, chitosan (CS), and lipid [solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)] were prepared and characterized. Average particle size was found to be in the range of 73 +/- 2 to 98 +/- 44 nm for SLNs, 140 +/- 7 to 175 +/- 24 nm for albumin nanoparticles, 143 +/- 18 to 184 +/- 27 nm for gelatin nanoparticles, and 247 +/- 48 to 322 +/- 52 nm for CS nanoparticles. A drug-to-carrier ratio of 0.5:1 was preferred for CS nanoparticles having zeta potential of >20 mV and drug encapsulation of 35.01% +/- 2.66%. Similarly, 0.6:1 ratio was preferred for albumin nanoparticles with zeta potential >16 mV and drug encapsulation 48.20% +/- 3.01%. Zeta potentials of gelatin nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin suggested that they were unstable and prone to flocculation. SLN with 0.25:1 drug carrier ratio showed 38.71% +/- 2.38% drug entrapment and -28 +/- 1 mV surface charge. All the nanoparticles showed sustained drug release avoiding "burst effect" of the free drugs for up to 120 h for albumin nanoparticles, 96 h for CS and gelatin nanoparticles, and 80 h for SLNs. The drug release profiles followed Higuchi model. Results suggest that CS nanoparticles and SLNs can act as promising carriers for sustained ciprofloxacin release in infective conditions.

Comparison of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded protein, lipid, and chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery

Biodegradable hybrid polymeric membranes for ocular drug delivery.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to develop biosynthetic hybrid polymer-based ocular insert for topical administration of antibiotics for treatment of ocular infections. Methods: Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded three different inserts were prepared by solution casting method by esterification of a biopolymer (gelatin) with a synthetic polymer (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA). Esterification between PVA and gelatin was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: Inserts were found to be wettable and swellable with simulated tear fluid and had a contact angle <50° with simulated tear fluid. Mechanical properties of PVA–gelatin (10:3 wt%) inserts included a maximal tensile strength of 8.6 ± 2 MPa and the inserts showed adequate mucoadhesion with reconstituted mucin. In vitro drug release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for up to 24 hours was observed from the inserts. Inserts were found to be biocompatible using SIRC rabbit corneal epithelial cell line by sulforhodamine B assay and by Draiz...

Development of polyvinyl alcohol–gelatin membranes for antibiotic delivery in the eye

The present paper investigates the influence of journal’s geometric imperfections on the performance of capillary compensated two-lobe hybrid journal bearing system. Different geometric imperfections of journal, viz. barrel, bellmouth and circumferential waviness have been included in the study. A parameter called offset factor has been included in the analysis which distinguishes between two lobe and circular journal bearing. Further, the Reynolds equation has been modified by using power law model in order to deal with non-Newtonian effect of the lubricant. The numerically simulated results indicate that non-circularity of bearing and barrel shape irregularity significantly increase the values of S¯zz,C¯zz and ω¯th by a factor 36.47, 51.34 and 18.52%, respectively, with respect to the base bearing (circular ideal journal bearing) operating with non-Newtonian lubricant.

Two-lobe geometrically imperfect hybrid journal bearing operating with power law lubricant

The present study deals with the influence of geometric irregularities of journal (barrel type, bellmouth type and undulation type) on the performance of capillary compensated four-lobe multirecess...

Dharmendra Jain

Papers

Comparison of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded protein, lipid, and chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery

Biodegradable hybrid polymeric membranes for ocular drug delivery.

Development of polyvinyl alcohol–gelatin membranes for antibiotic delivery in the eye

Two-lobe geometrically imperfect hybrid journal bearing operating with power law lubricant

Combined influence of geometric irregularities of journal and turbulence on the performance of four-lobe hybrid journal bearing: