The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

Developing efficient sensor materials with superior performance for selective, fast and sensitive detection of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential for human health and environmental protection, through monitoring indoor and outdoor air pollutions, managing industrial processes, controlling food quality and assisting early diagnosis of diseases. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a unique type of crystalline and porous solid material constructed from metal nodes (metal ions or clusters) and functional organic ligands. They have been investigated extensively for possible use as high performance sensors for the detection of many different gases and VOCs in recent years, due to their large surface area, tunable pore size, functionalizable sites and intriguing properties, such as electrical conductivity, magnetism, ferroelectricity, luminescence and chromism. The high porosity of MOFs allows them to interact strongly with various analytes, including gases and VOCs, thus resulting in easily measurable responses to different physicochemical parameters. Although much of the recent work on MOF-based luminescent sensors have been summarized in several excellent reviews (up to 2018), a comprehensive overview of these materials for sensing gases and VOCs based on chemiresistive, magnetic, ferroelectric, and colorimertic mechanisms is missing. In this review, we highlight the most recent progress in developing MOF sensing and switching materials with an emphasis on sensing mechanisms based on electricity, magnetism, ferroelectricity and chromism. We provide a comprehensive analysis on the MOF–analyte interactions in these processes, which play a key role in the sensing performance of the MOF-based sensors and switches. We discuss in detail possible applications of MOF-based sensing and switching materials in detecting oxygen, water vapor, toxic industrial gases (such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon oxides and carbon disulfide) and VOCs (such as aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, chlorinated hydrocarbons and N,N′-dimethylformamide). Overall, this review serves as a timely source of information and provides insight for the future development of advanced MOF materials as next-generation gas and VOC sensors.

Functional metal–organic frameworks as effective sensors of gases and volatile compounds

Carbon and graphene quantum dots (CQDs and GQDs), known as zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials, have been attracting increasing attention in sensing and bioimaging. Their unique electronic, fluores...

Review of Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots for Sensing

Small carbon nanoparticles are an emerging member of the carbonaceous nanomaterial family and have been subsequently named as “carbon quantum dots” or “carbon nanodots”. Generally, carbon quantum dots are a type of spherical or sphere-like nanoparticles of less than 10 nm in size. Due to their unique properties, for example, size-dependent fluorescence, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and easy accessibility, carbon quantum dots possess a great many potential applications in a range of fields from chemical sensing and imaging to catalysis and drug delivery, and thus are appealing to a number of researchers in nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this review, we give a brief introduction of the synthesis and fundamental properties of carbon quantum dots, then present their applications in metal ion sensing in detail along with illustrating the related mechanisms, and finally come up with some challenges currently faced and future outlooks for this fascinating carbon material. We hope this review could be helpful for readers who are preparing to join and/or have joined the research field of carbon quantum dots.

Carbon quantum dot-based nanoprobes for metal ion detection

Recent progress in the synthesis of graphene and derived materials for next generation electrodes of high performance lithium ion batteries

The use of Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAAs) for analog conditioning of electric potentials on the surface of living tissue, such as Electrocardiography (ECG), is presented in this paper. The inherent reconfigurable capability of these devices provides versatility for circuitry dynamic tuning, i.e., changing amplification gains, filters corner frequencies, signal common levels, etc., without interrupting the signal acquisition path. A study of internal circuitry noise sources is presented and some configurations that attenuate noise effects are proposed.

FPAA suitability as analog front-end for biosignals

/pdf/near-field-communication-tag-for-colorimetric-glutathione-czzkh85f.pdf

Near-Field Communication Tag for Colorimetric Glutathione Determination with a Paper-Based Microfluidic Device

Security in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a major challenge for extending its applications. In this paper, a new protocol for key distribution in WSNs is proposed. The method, based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and named ECGDH-1, performs a double round key distribution, sharing a group key among the different nodes. For accelerating the scalar-point operations to be performed in each node, a hardware coprocessor with low power consumption, and 8-bit interface for sensor motes is proposed. The cryptographic processor, named ECCB163sens_bus8 allows completing a scalar-point multiplication in 240us operating at 8MHz, while consuming only 0.028mJ by operation when implemented in a Spartan 6 device.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7383376/7388553/07388589.pdf

Hardware implementation of a new ECC key distribution protocol for securing Wireless Sensor Networks

This article presents a preliminary prototype of a wearable instrument for oxygen saturation and ECG monitoring. The proposed measuring system is based on the light reflection variability of a LED emission on the subject temple. Besides, the system has the capacity to incorporate electrodes to obtain ECG measurements. All measurements are stored and transmitted to a mobile device (tablet or smartphone) through a Bluetooth link.

Reconfigurable wearable to monitor physiological variables and movement

This paper presents the use of wavelet cores for a full reconfigurable electrocardiogram signal (ECG) acquisition
system. The system is compound by two reconfigurable devices, a FPGA and a FPAA. The FPAA is in charge of the
ECG signal acquisition, since this device is a versatile and reconfigurable analog front-end for biosignals. The FPGA is
in charge of FPAA configuration, digital signal processing and information extraction such as heart beat rate and others.
Wavelet analysis has become a powerful tool for ECG signal processing since it perfectly fits ECG signal shape. The use
of these cores has been integrated in the LabVIEW FPGA module development tool that makes possible to employ
VHDL cores within the usual LabVIEW graphical programming environment, thus freeing the designer from tedious and
time consuming design of communication interfaces. This enables rapid test and graphical representation of results.

Diego P. Morales

Papers

FPAA suitability as analog front-end for biosignals

Near-Field Communication Tag for Colorimetric Glutathione Determination with a Paper-Based Microfluidic Device

Hardware implementation of a new ECC key distribution protocol for securing Wireless Sensor Networks

Reconfigurable wearable to monitor physiological variables and movement

Wavelets for full reconfigurable ECG acquisition system