Environment friendly methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles have become a valuable trend in the current scenario. The utilization of phytochemicals from plant extracts has become a unique technology for the synthesis of nanoparticles, as they possess dual nature of reducing and capping agents to the nanoparticles. In the present investigation we have synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using a rare medicinal plant Cissus arnotiana and evaluated their antibacterial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The morphology and characterization of the synthesized CuNPs were studied and done using UV-Visible spectroscopy at a wavelength range of 350–380 nm. XRD studies were performed for analyzing the crystalline nature; SEM and TEM for evaluating the spherical shape within the size range of 60–90 nm and AFM was performed to check the surface roughness. The biosynthesized CuNPs showed better antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria, E. coli with an inhibition zone of 22.20 ± 0.16 mm at 75 μg/ml. The antioxidant property observed was comparatively equal with the standard antioxidant agent ascorbic acid at a maximum concentration of 40 μg/ ml. This is the first study reported on C. arnotiana mediated biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles, where we believe that the findings can pave way for a new direction in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine where there is a significant potential for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. We predict that, these could lead to an exponential increase in the field of biomedical applications, with the utilization of green synthesized CuNPs, due to its remarkable properties. The highest antibacterial property was observed with gram-negative strains mainly, E. coli , due to its thin peptidoglycan layer and electrostatic interactions between the bacterial cell wall and CuNPs surfaces. Hence, CuNPs can be potent therapeutic agents in several biomedical applications, which are yet to be explored in the near future.

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Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles mediated through Cissus arnotiana plant extract.

Metal‐Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications: Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Aspects

Green biosynthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles and biomedical applications in targeted anticancer drug delivery system: A review

Growing concerns over the toxicity of metallic nanoparticles synthesized using physical and chemical techniques seems to be a major hurdle for researchers. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the promising, ecofriendly and safer methods. Utilizing plant sources as reducing agents will replace the use of toxic chemicals for nanoparticle synthesis. Among the various nanoparticles, copper has been theoretically and practically proved for its antimicrobial properties. However, to reduce the risk of copper toxicity, Ruellia tuberosa (R. tuberosa) aqueous extract is used for the synthesis of CuONPs in the present study. Nonetheless, till date no work has been reported on the use of R. tuberosa aqueous extract for the synthesis of CuONPs. In the present study, aqueous extract of R. tuberosa has been used for the synthesis of CuONPs. The synthesis of CuONPs was confirmed by the absorption peak at 327 nm representing the nanorods with an average size of 83.23 nm. Further, the CuONPs revealed antimicrobial effects against clinical pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Embedding CuONPs on cotton fabrics showed bactericidal activity against the bacterial pathogens. In addition, the photocatalytic property of the CuONPs was divulged by their crystal violet (CV) dye degradation potential. Thus, the green synthesized CuONPs using R. tuberosa could provide a remedy against bacterial pathogens in hospital and industrial environments.

Synthesis of ecofriendly copper oxide nanoparticles for fabrication over textile fabrics: Characterization of antibacterial activity and dye degradation potential.

In this study, two endophytic actinomycetes isolates Oc-5 and Acv-11, were isolated from healthy leaves of medicinal plant Oxalis corniculata L. These isolates were identified as Streptomyces zaomyceticus Oc-5 and Streptomyces pseudogriseolus Acv-11 using 16S rRNA gene sequence. Biomass extract of these strains were used as a greener attempt for synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). The synthesized NPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD)‚ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Green synthesized NPs showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band at 400 nm, crystalline nature, spherical-shaped with an average size of 78 nm and 80.0 nm for CuO-NPs synthesized using strain Oc-5 and Acv-11, respectively. The bioactivities of CuO-NPs were evaluated. Results revealed that CuO-NPs exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial cells (Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, unicellular and multicellular fungi). In addition, it showed antimicrobial potential against phyto-pathogenic fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata. We further explored the in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity for biosynthesized CuO-NPs. The results revealed that‚ scavenging and total antioxidant activity for NPs synthesized using Streptomyces pseudogriseolus Acv-11 was better than those synthesized by Streptomyces zaomyceticus Oc-5. Also, the morphological changes and cell viability for Vero and Caco-2 cell line due to NPs treatments were assessed using MTT assay method. Furthermore, Larvicidal efficacy against Musca domestica and Culex pipiens was evaluated. The results obtained in this study clearly showed that biosynthesized CuO-NPs exhibited effective bioactivity and, therefore, provide a base for the development of versatile biotechnological applications soon.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00775-019-01654-5.pdf

Endophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces spp mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles as a promising tool for biotechnological applications.

Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using medicinally important plant extracts

Phytofabricated green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using different plant extracts of Azadirachta indica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Murraya koenigii, Moringa oleifera, and Tamarindus indica for biological applications has been reported. ZnO nanoparticles were also synthesized by chemical method to compare the efficiency of the green synthesized nanoparticles. FT-IR spectra confirmed the functional groups involved in the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and the powder XRD patterns of the ZnO nanoparticles revealed pure wurtzite structure with preferred orientation at (100) reflection plane. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles with the particle size between 54 and 27 nm. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by five different free radical scavenging assays. The present study also intends to screen α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using natural sources, which may minimize the toxicity and side effects of the inhibitors used to control diabetes. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using T. indica extract displayed remarkable antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts.

The zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by using aqueous extracts of Aloe vera gel/leaf and Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf, and characterized by FT IR, UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. For comparison purposes, ZnO nanoparticles was also synthesized by chemical method. Phytochemical screening of the A. vera gel and leaf and H. sabdariffa leaf extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, gums and mucilages, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, and terpenoids. FT IR spectra showed the presence of functional groups and protein as the stabilizing agent surrounding the ZnO nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectra of ZnO nanoparticles exhibit the characteristic absorption band in the range of 344–360 nm, which can be assigned to the intrinsic bandgap absorption of ZnO due to the electron transitions from the valence band to the conduction band. Powder XRD patterns confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure. Further, the SEM analysis also indicates the hexagonal rod shape structure of the ZnO nanoparticles. EDX spectra confirmed the chemical composition of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by both biological and chemical methods. In vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by both biological and chemical methods were performed on three Gram (−ve) (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one Gram (+ve) (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, in which the ZnO nanoparticles obtained by biological method showed excellent bactericidal activity over that obtained by chemical method. All the ZnO nanoparticles showed promising antioxidant activity determined by five different methods such as 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS); 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); superoxide radical scavenging; and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. In vitro cytotoxicity of the ZnO nanoparticles were tested against three cancerous cell lines such as human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa) and epithelioma (Hep-2), and one normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell lines by MTT assay. Apoptosis induction was further confirmed by flow cytometry and cell cycle arrest. The ZnO nanoparticles obtained by biological method display remarkable cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line, and found to be more potent than the widely used drug cisplatin.

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts of Aloe vera and Hibiscus sabdariffa: Phytochemical, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-proliferative studies

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by simple co-precipitation method and modified with different coating agents such as ascorbic acid, hexanoic acid, salicylic acid, L-arginine and L-cysteine. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques such as FT IR, XRD, VSM, SEM, TEM and thermal analysis. Both bare and coated magnetites were of cubic spinel structure and spherical in shape. All the magnetite nanoparticles showed superparamagnetic behaviour with high saturated magnetization. In vitro cytotoxicity test of bare and coated nanoparticles was performed using adenocarcinoma cells, A549. Cell viability of bare and L-arginine coated magnetite nanoparticles showed IC50 value of 31.2 μg/mL proving the compatibility of nanocarriers when compared to others. Hence, L-arginine coated nanoparticles were used for loading the drug paclitaxel and the observed IC50 value (7.8 μg/mL) shows its potent anti-proliferative effect against A549 lung cancer cell lines. Thus, it can be speculated that the drug paclitaxel loaded L-arginine coated nanoparticles could be used as an effective drug carrier for the destruction of cancer cells.

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Hydroxy, carboxylic and amino acid functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anti-cancer studies

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method followed by covering with MS (M = Zn, Cd, or Pb) to obtain ZnO/MS core/shell nanoparticles using chemical method. The formation of core/shell nanoparticles were authenticated by various spectroscopic techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized core/shell nanoparticles shows the significant role of the shell layer in the photodegradation of methylene blue. The antimicrobial activity has been evaluated against two Gram (–ve) ( E. coli and K. pneumoniae ) and two Gram (+ve) ( E. faecalis and S. aureus ) bacterial, and two fungi ( A. niger and C. albicans ) strains. In vitro anti-proliferative activity of ZnO and ZnO/MS core/shell nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.06 M was evaluated against two human cancerous cell lines such as breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549), and one normal human kidney (HEK-293) cell line by MTT assay. DNA fragmentation analysis proved the inhibition of proliferation through induction of apoptosis.

Dilaveez Rehana

Papers

Evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using medicinally important plant extracts

In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts.

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts of Aloe vera and Hibiscus sabdariffa: Phytochemical, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-proliferative studies

Hydroxy, carboxylic and amino acid functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anti-cancer studies

Evaluation of photocatalytic, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of ZnO/MS (M = Zn, Cd or Pb) core/shell nanoparticles