Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ-glutamylcysteine-containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully understood, but it can be inferred that glutathione has functions in plant development that cannot be performed by other thiols or antioxidants. The known functions of glutathione include roles in biosynthetic pathways, detoxification, antioxidant biochemistry and redox homeostasis. Glutathione can interact in multiple ways with proteins through thiol-disulphide exchange and related processes. Its strategic position between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and cellular reductants makes the glutathione system perfectly configured for signalling functions. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in understanding glutathione synthesis, degradation and transport, particularly in relation to cellular redox homeostasis and related signalling under optimal and stress conditions. Here we outline the key recent advances and discuss how alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades. The discussion highlights some of the issues surrounding the regulation of glutathione contents, the control of glutathione redox potential, and how the functions of glutathione and other thiols are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways through appropriate modification of sensitive protein cysteine residues.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02400.x

Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview.

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

Fig.4. Neutralization by donor and pooled subtype C plasma. (A) Neutralization profile of plasma-derived donor (green) and recipient (blue) Env pseudotypes from transmission pair 135 by donor plasma. Virus infectivity, as a percentage of the control, is plotted along the vertical axis. The reciprocal of the plasma dilution is graphed along the horizontal axis on a log 10 scale. Each curve represents the sensitivity to neutralization of an individual Env pseudotype. (B) The distribution of neutralization sensitivity for donor (green) and recipient (blue) Env pseudotypes for five transmission pairs, with IC 50 values for donor plasma (rounded to the nearest two-digit value) plotted on the horizontal axis. The fraction of Env pseudotypes with a given IC 50 is indicated on the vertical axis. (C) Linear regression analysis of neutralization by donor (horizontal axis) and pooled (vertical axis) plasma for donor (green) and recipient (blue) Env pseudotypes (R-squared value 0.23; P value 0.00002; slope 0.31, standard error 0.07). The number of Env pseudotypes evaluated was 106 (5 donor and 7 recipient), 109 (8 donor and 3 recipient), 135 (14 donor and 5 recipient), 55 (12donor and 8 recipient), and 53 (6 donor and 3 recipient). R EPORTS

A MicroRNA as a Translational Repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis Flower Development

In recent years, the research on the potential of using RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress crop pests has made an outstanding growth. However, given the variability of RNAi efficiency that is observed in many insects, the development of novel approaches toward insect pest management using RNAi requires first to unravel factors behind the efficiency of dsRNA-mediated gene silencing. In this review, we explore essential implications and possibilities to increase RNAi efficiency by delivery of dsRNA through non-transformative methods. We discuss factors influencing the RNAi mechanism in insects and systemic properties of dsRNA. Finally, novel strategies to deliver dsRNA are discussed, including delivery by symbionts, plant viruses, trunk injections, root soaking, and transplastomic plants.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8503128/file/8503129.pdf

RNAi efficiency, systemic properties, and novel delivery methods for pest insect control : what we know so far

Analogue IC Design: the Current Mode Approach

The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) is involved in sequence-specific gene regulation driven by the introduction of dsRNA resulting in inhibition of translation or transcriptional repression. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in opening a new vista for crop improvement. RNAi technology is precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology. It has been employed successfully to alter the gene expression in plants for better quality traits. The impact of RNAi to improve the crop plants has proved to be a novel approach in combating the biotic and abiotic stresses and the nutritional improvement in terms of bio-fortification and bio-elimination. It has been employed successfully to bring about modifications of several desired traits in different plants. These modifications include nutritional improvements, reduced content of food allergens and toxic compounds, enhanced defence against biotic and abiotic stresses, alteration in morphology, crafting male sterility, enhanced secondary metabolite synthesis and seedless plant varieties. However, crop plants developed by RNAi strategy may create biosafety risks. So, there is a need for risk assessment of GM crops in order to make RNAi a better tool to develop crops with biosafety measures. This article is an attempt to review the RNAi, its biochemistry, and the achievements attributed to the application of RNAi in crop improvement.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00425-013-2019-5.pdf

RNA interference: concept to reality in crop improvement

A new universal current-mode biquad filter using current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) is proposed. The proposed configuration can realize the second-order low pass, high pass, band pass, and band reject responses simultaneously. The circuit employs both grounded capacitors (ideal for integrated circuit implementation), and offers low active and passive sensitivities. The workability of the proposed configuration has been verified using SPICE simulation.

Universal current-mode biquad filter using dual output current differencing transconductance amplifier

Current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) is receiving considerable attention as a building block for current-mode (CM) analog signal processing / signal generation. In this paper, new CDTA based lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed. The proposed grounded simulated inductance circuit employs two CDTAs and a single grounded capacitor whereas the floating simulated inductance circuit employs three CDTAs and a grounded capacitor. The circuit for grounded inductance does not require any realization conditions whereas in case of floating inductance only equality of two transconductances is needed (which can be easily maintained in practice by ensuring equal dc bias currents in the two transconductance amplifiers). Some sample results demonstrating the applications of the new simulated inductors using CMOS CDTAs have been given to confirm the workability of the new circuits.

New Grounded and Floating Simulated Inductance Circuits using Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers

This paper presents a new current-mode single input multi output (SIMO) type biquad employing one voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA), two grounded capacitors and a single grounded resistor. The configuration realizes all basic filter functions (i.e. Low Pass (LP), High Pass (HP), Band Pass (BP), Notch (BR) and All Pass (AP)). The natural frequency (ω0) and bandwidth (BW) are independently tunable. The workability of proposed configuration has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

/pdf/universal-current-mode-biquad-filter-using-a-vdta-33rb53ozb8.pdf

Universal Current-Mode Biquad Filter Using a VDTA

An electronically controllable fully uncoupled explicit current-mode quadrature oscillator employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTAs) as active elements has been presented. The proposed configuration employs two VDTAs along with grounded capacitors and offers the following advantageous features 1) fully and electronically independent control of condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO); 2) explicit current-mode quadrature oscillations; and 3) low active and passive sensitivities. The workability of proposed configuration has been demonstrated by PSPICE simulations with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

/pdf/electronically-controllable-fully-uncoupled-explicit-current-12mp7tnbsj.pdf

Dinesh Prasad

Papers

RNA interference: concept to reality in crop improvement

Universal current-mode biquad filter using dual output current differencing transconductance amplifier

New Grounded and Floating Simulated Inductance Circuits using Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers

Universal Current-Mode Biquad Filter Using a VDTA

Electronically Controllable Fully-Uncoupled Explicit Current-Mode Quadrature Oscillator Using VDTAs and Grounded Capacitors