This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

One size fits all?: Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach

This paper examines whether interpersonal networks help explain two widely documented patterns of knowledge diffusion: (1) geographic localization of knowledge flows, and (2) concentration of knowledge flows within firm boundaries. I measure knowledge flows using patent citation data, and employ a novel regression framework based on choice-based sampling to estimate the probability of knowledge flow between inventors of any two patents. As expected, intraregional and intrafirm knowledge flows are found to be stronger than those across regional or firm boundaries. I explore whether these patterns can be explained by direct and indirect network ties among inventors, as inferred from past collaborations among them. The existence of a tie is found to be associated with a greater probability of knowledge flow, with the probability decreasing as the path length (geodesic) increases. Furthermore, the effect of regional or firm boundaries on knowledge flow decreases once interpersonal ties have been accounted for. In fact, being in the same region or firm is found to have little additional effect on the probability of knowledge flow among inventors who already have close network ties. The overall evidence is consistent with a view that interpersonal networks are important in determining observed patterns of knowledge diffusion.

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Collaborative Networks as Determinants of Knowledge Diffusion Patterns

A survey on problems and methods in generalized assembly line balancing

Neil Brenner has in the past few years made a major impact on the ways in which we understand the changing political geographies of the modern state Simultaneously analyzing the restructuring of urban governance and the transformation of national states under globalizing capitalism, 'New State Spaces' is a mature and sophisticated analysis of broad interdisciplinary interest, making this a highly significant contribution to the subject

New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood

We present a model that explains how the very cluster dynamics is both the driver for the movement of a cluster through a life cycle and the reason why this movement differs from the industry life cycle. The model is based on two key processes: the first is that the emergence, growth, decline and renewal of the cluster depend on the technological heterogeneity of firms; the second is that firms have a larger relative absorptive capacity, when they are in the same location, and thus especially localized learning changes heterogeneity: it leads to a technological convergence when learning takes place within the cluster and technological divergence, when learning takes place outside the cluster, yet in the same region. We derive hypothesis from the model regarding different phases of the cluster life cycle. Copyright 2010 The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

Cluster life cycles—dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution

This paper aims at explaining whether R&D subsidies, the engagement in collaboration networks and the location influence the patent activities of biotech firms in Germany! We demonstrate that R&D subsidies focusing on single firms do not increase patent intensity, while subsidies which are granted to joint R&D projects do so to a certain extent. The number of knowledge links firms have is not influencing performance, but the type of network partners has an effect. We found strong evidence that some but not too much cognitive distance between collaboration partners and being located in a cluster have a positive effect.

Resumen
El objetivo de este articulo es explicar si los subsidios a la I+D, la participacion en redes de colaboracion y la localizacion influyen en las patentes de empresas biotecnologicas en Alemania. Demostramos que los subsidios a I+D dirigidos a una unica empresa no aumentan la intensidad de patentes, mientras que, hasta cierto punto, los subsidios otorgados a proyectos conjuntos de I+D si la aumentan. El numero de conexiones de conocimiento que poseen las empresas no influye en su rendimiento, pero les afecta el tipo de socios que haya en la red. Encontramos pruebas importantes de que, mientras no sea demasiada, cierta distancia cognitiva entre los socios colaboradores y estar ubicados en un conglomerado (cluster) tienen un efecto positivo.

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What drives patent performance of German biotech firms? The impact of R&D subsidies, knowledge networks and their location

There is increasing recognition that the existence and structure of clusters can only be understood when studying their dynamics over time (Audretsch and Feldman, 1996; Pouder and St. John, 1996; S...

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Cluster Evolution and a Roadmap for Future Research

Considers the uneven regional distribution ofentrepreneurial activities and variables influencing regional activity.Discusses which regional factors influence the decision to start a firm, thedynamics that can be observed, and consequently, how regional disparities inentrepreneurial activities emerge. In addition to general environmental conditions, such as financial capitalor human capabilities, it is argued that regionally shared cognitiverepresentations and information processes that moderate agents' decision makingaffect entrepreneurial activities or regional activities and development ingeneral. Examines the relationship between shared cognitive representations anddecision making (behavioral patterns), and the impact of proximity and regionalnetworks on the formation of shared cognitive representations - i.e., impact oflearning by imitation, the means by whichshared cognitive representationsinfluence start-ups in regions, andhow the regional disparities inentrepreneurial activities occur in relation to the presence of positiveexamples. A model is presented to show how regional entrepreneurs serve as positiveexamples for other agents and thus change behavior through learning processes.Concludes that only by taking into account the direct impact of generalenvironmental conditions and the influence of shared cognitive representationsand information can the actual decision to start up a new business beappropriately analyzed. Such a view will answer the question of why regionswith similar general environments can have different start-uprates.(TNM)

Entrepreneurial Activities in a Regional Context

This compilation of papers from a researchproject funded by the German Ministry provides a political perspective andunifying concept of how local industrial clusters can be strengthenedbypolicy measures.The chapters in Part I cover theoretical approaches, thechapters in Part II present case studies, and the chapters in part III containpolicy-oriented contributions. (JSD) Table of Contents Part I Local Culture and Regional Innovation Networks: Some Propositions,Sylvianne Pilo and Chris DeBresson Entrepreneurial Activities in a Regional Context, Dick Fornahl The Role of Trust and Power in the Institutional Regulation of TerritorialBusiness Systems, Reinhard Bachmann Cognitive Coordination, Institutions and Clusters: An ExploratoryDiscussion, Mark Lorenzen and Nicolai J. Foss Problems and Solutions in Knowledge Transfer, Bart Nooteboom Learning Pathologies in Losing Areas: Towards a Definition of the CognitiveObstacles to Local Development, Paolo Seri On the Unit of Analysis in the Study of Networks, Deborah Tappi Part II Is Nanjing's Concentration of IT Companies an Innovative Cluster? MeinePieter Van Dijk TV Content Production in Media Regions: The Necessities and Difficulties ofPublic Policy Support for a Project-based Industry, Anja Lutz, Jorg Sydow,and Udo Staber How Many Networks in a Local Cluster: Textile Machine Production andInnovation in Brescia, Francesco Lissoni and Massimo Pagani 'Lock-in' of Regional Clusters: The Case of Offshore Engineering in the OsloRegion, Arne Isaksen Part III Entrepreneurship Stimulation in Regional Innovation Systems—Public Promotionof University-based Start-ups in Germany, Knut Koschatsky Cooperation and Knowledge-pooling in Clusters: Designing TerritorialCompetitiveness Policies, Fabrizio Barca Policy Measures to Support the Emergence of Localised Industrial Clusters,Thomas Brenner

Dirk Fornahl

Papers

Cluster life cycles—dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution

What drives patent performance of German biotech firms? The impact of R&D subsidies, knowledge networks and their location

Cluster Evolution and a Roadmap for Future Research

Entrepreneurial Activities in a Regional Context

Cooperation, Networks and Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems