다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.

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Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges

Fog/edge computing has been proposed to be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to enable computing services devices deployed at network edge, aiming to improve the user’s experience and resilience of the services in case of failures. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog/edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. Thus, fog/edge computing-based IoT becomes future infrastructure on IoT development. To develop fog/edge computing-based IoT infrastructure, the architecture, enabling techniques, and issues related to IoT should be investigated first, and then the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT should be explored. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive overview of IoT with respect to system architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy issues, and present the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT, and applications. Particularly, this paper first explores the relationship between cyber-physical systems and IoT, both of which play important roles in realizing an intelligent cyber-physical world. Then, existing architectures, enabling technologies, and security and privacy issues in IoT are presented to enhance the understanding of the state of the art IoT development. To investigate the fog/edge computing-based IoT, this paper also investigate the relationship between IoT and fog/edge computing, and discuss issues in fog/edge computing-based IoT. Finally, several applications, including the smart grid, smart transportation, and smart cities, are presented to demonstrate how fog/edge computing-based IoT to be implemented in real-world applications.

A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications

Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The Internet of Things is a paradigm where everyday objects can be equipped with identifying, sensing, networking and processing capabilities that will allow them to communicate with one another and with other devices and services over the Internet to accomplish some objective. Ultimately, IoT devices will be ubiquitous, context-aware and will enable ambient intelligence. This article reports on the current state of research on the Internet of Things by examining the literature, identifying current trends, describing challenges that threaten IoT diffusion, presenting open research questions and future directions and compiling a comprehensive reference list to assist researchers.

The Internet of Things--A survey of topics and trends

End-to-end encryption for wireless sensor networks is a challenging problem. To save the overall energy resources of the network, it is agreed that sensed data need to be consolidated and aggregated on their way to the final destination. We present an approach that (1) conceals sensed data end-to-end, by (2) still providing efficient in-network data aggregation. The aggregating intermediate nodes are not required to operate on the sensed plaintext data. We apply a particular class of encryption transformation and exemplarily discuss the approach on the basis of two aggregation functions. We use actual implementation to show that the approach is feasible and flexible and frequently even more energy efficient than hop-by-hop encryption.

CDA: concealed data aggregation for reverse multicast traffic in wireless sensor networks

Routing in wireless sensor networks is different from that in commonsense mobile ad-hoc networks. It mainly needs to support reverse multicast traffic to one particular destination in a multihop manner. For such a communication pattern, end-to-end encryption is a challenging problem. To save the overall energy resources of the network, sensed data needs to be consolidated and aggregated on its way to the final destination. We present an approach that 1) conceals sensed data end-to-end by 2) still providing efficient and flexible in-network data aggregation. The aggregating intermediate nodes are not required to operate on the sensed plaintext data. We apply a particular class of encryption transformations and discuss techniques for computing the aggregation functions "average" and "movement detection." We show that the approach is feasible for the class of "going down" routing protocols. We consider the risk of corrupted sensor nodes by proposing a key predistribution algorithm that limits an attacker's gain and show how key predistribution and a key-ID sensitive "going down" routing protocol help increase the robustness and reliability of the connected backbone

Concealed Data Aggregation for Reverse Multicast Traffic in Sensor Networks: Encryption, Key Distribution, and Routing Adaptation

In-network data aggregation is a popular technique for reducing the energy consumption tied to data transmission in a multi-hop wireless sensor network. However, data aggregation in untrusted or even hostile environments becomes problematic when end-to-end privacy between sensors and the sink is desired. In this paper we revisit and investigate the applicability of additively homomorphic public-key encryption algorithms for certain classes of wireless sensor networks. Finally, we provide recommendations for selecting the most suitable public key schemes for different topologies and wireless sensor network scenarios.

Public Key Based Cryptoschemes for Data Concealment in Wireless Sensor Networks

There can be several sophisticated attacks motivated by selfish, resource saving nature of nodes in a civilian co-operation based ad-hoc network. Distributed rating model based castigation can be useful to discourage selfish nodes from performing these attacks. Even if an attacker is detected, it is hard to charge an accused node in a dynamic environment of adhoc network In this paper we detect a large range of attacks on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and the originator of the attack We provide mechanism to inform other nodes of the system about the accused, provide a context aware inference scheme to blame the accused and malicious accuser without doubt. We achieve this with minimal extension of DSR and in a cost effective manner.

Context aware detection of selfish nodes in DSR based ad-hoc networks

In wireless sensor networks there is a need to securely store monitored data in a distributed way whenever it is either not desired or simply not possible to transmit regional volatile information to an authorised recipient in real-time. In particular, for wireless sensor network applications with an asynchronous character, the wireless sensor network itself needs to store the monitored data. Since nodes may disappear over time, a replicated and read-protected, but yet space- and energy-efficient, data storage is mandatory. In this work we provide and analyse an approach for a tiny Persistent Encrypted Data Storage (tinyPEDS) of the environmental fingerprint for asynchronous wireless sensor networks. Even if parts of the network are exhausted, restoring rules ensure that, with a high probability, environmental information from past is still available.

Dirk Westhoff

Papers

CDA: concealed data aggregation for reverse multicast traffic in wireless sensor networks

Concealed Data Aggregation for Reverse Multicast Traffic in Sensor Networks: Encryption, Key Distribution, and Routing Adaptation

Public Key Based Cryptoschemes for Data Concealment in Wireless Sensor Networks

Context aware detection of selfish nodes in DSR based ad-hoc networks

TinyPEDS: Tiny persistent encrypted data storage in asynchronous wireless sensor networks