The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.

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Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges

Fog/edge computing has been proposed to be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to enable computing services devices deployed at network edge, aiming to improve the user’s experience and resilience of the services in case of failures. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog/edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. Thus, fog/edge computing-based IoT becomes future infrastructure on IoT development. To develop fog/edge computing-based IoT infrastructure, the architecture, enabling techniques, and issues related to IoT should be investigated first, and then the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT should be explored. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive overview of IoT with respect to system architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy issues, and present the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT, and applications. Particularly, this paper first explores the relationship between cyber-physical systems and IoT, both of which play important roles in realizing an intelligent cyber-physical world. Then, existing architectures, enabling technologies, and security and privacy issues in IoT are presented to enhance the understanding of the state of the art IoT development. To investigate the fog/edge computing-based IoT, this paper also investigate the relationship between IoT and fog/edge computing, and discuss issues in fog/edge computing-based IoT. Finally, several applications, including the smart grid, smart transportation, and smart cities, are presented to demonstrate how fog/edge computing-based IoT to be implemented in real-world applications.

A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications

Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless sensor networks consist of sensor nodes with sensing and com- munication capabilities. We focus on data-aggregation problems in energy- constrained sensor networks. The main goal of data-aggregation algorithms is to gather and aggregate data in an energy efficient manner so that net- work lifetime is enhanced. In this article we present a survey of data-aggre- gation algorithms in wireless sensor networks. We compare and contrast different algorithms on the basis of performance measures such as lifetime, latency, and data accuracy. We conclude with possible future research directions.

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Data-aggregation techniques in sensor networks: a survey

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many applications in military, ecological, and health-related areas These applications often include the monitoring of sensitive information such as enemy movement on the battlefield or the location of personnel in a building Security is therefore important in WSNs However, WSNs suffer from many constraints, including low computation capability, small memory, limited energy resources, susceptibility to physical capture, and the use of insecure wireless communication channels These constraints make security in WSNs a challenge In this article we present a survey of security issues in WSNs First we outline the constraints, security requirements, and attacks with their corresponding countermeasures in WSNs We then present a holistic view of security issues These issues are classified into five categories: cryptography, key management, secure routing, secure data aggregation, and intrusion detection Along the way we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various WSN security protocols and further compare and evaluate these protocols based on each of these five categories We also point out the open research issues in each subarea and conclude with possible future research directions on security in WSNs

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A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks

End-to-end encryption for wireless sensor networks is a challenging problem. To save the overall energy resources of the network, it is agreed that sensed data need to be consolidated and aggregated on their way to the final destination. We present an approach that (1) conceals sensed data end-to-end, by (2) still providing efficient in-network data aggregation. The aggregating intermediate nodes are not required to operate on the sensed plaintext data. We apply a particular class of encryption transformation and exemplarily discuss the approach on the basis of two aggregation functions. We use actual implementation to show that the approach is feasible and flexible and frequently even more energy efficient than hop-by-hop encryption.

CDA: concealed data aggregation for reverse multicast traffic in wireless sensor networks

Routing in wireless sensor networks is different from that in commonsense mobile ad-hoc networks. It mainly needs to support reverse multicast traffic to one particular destination in a multihop manner. For such a communication pattern, end-to-end encryption is a challenging problem. To save the overall energy resources of the network, sensed data needs to be consolidated and aggregated on its way to the final destination. We present an approach that 1) conceals sensed data end-to-end by 2) still providing efficient and flexible in-network data aggregation. The aggregating intermediate nodes are not required to operate on the sensed plaintext data. We apply a particular class of encryption transformations and discuss techniques for computing the aggregation functions "average" and "movement detection." We show that the approach is feasible for the class of "going down" routing protocols. We consider the risk of corrupted sensor nodes by proposing a key predistribution algorithm that limits an attacker's gain and show how key predistribution and a key-ID sensitive "going down" routing protocol help increase the robustness and reliability of the connected backbone

Concealed Data Aggregation for Reverse Multicast Traffic in Sensor Networks: Encryption, Key Distribution, and Routing Adaptation

A method for performing delegation of resources, in particular services, wherein a user—resource owner—has access to a resource offered by a service provider and wherein the resource is delegated to at least one other user—delegate—by using delegation credentials, is characterized in that the method includes the steps of defining authorization rules for the delegate regarding resource access restrictions and registering the authorization rules at an identity provider thereby employing the delegation credentials, performing an authentication of the delegate at the service provider, and performing an authorization of the delegate at the identity provider based on the authorization rules. Furthermore, a corresponding system is disclosed.

Method and system for performing delegation of resources

End-to-end encryption schemes that support operations over ciphertext are of utmost importance for commercial private party wireless sensor network implementations to become meaningful and profitable. For wireless sensor networks, we demonstrated in our previous work that privacy homomorphisms, when used for this purpose, offer two striking advantages apart from end-to-end concealment of data and ability to operate on ciphertexts: flexibility by keyless aggregation and conservation and balancing of aggregator backbone energy. We offered proof of concept by applying a certain privacy homomorphism for sensor network applications that rely on the addition operation. But a large class of aggregator functions like median computation or finding maximum/minimum rely exclusively on comparison operations. Unfortunately, as shown by Rivest, et al., any privacy homomorphism is insecure even against ciphertext that only attacks if they support comparison operations. In this paper we show that a particular order preserving encryption scheme achieves the above mentioned energy benefits and flexibility when used to support comparison operations over encrypted texts for wireless sensor networks, while also managing to hide the plaintext distribution and being secure against ciphertext only attacks. The scheme is shown to have reasonable memory and computation overhead when applied for wireless sensor networks.

Secure comparison of encrypted data in wireless sensor networks

A key exchanging apparatus transmits the contribution data to the plurality of counterpart apparatuses, generates a signer contribution confirmation signature with respect to a contribution data set including all the contribution data received from the plurality of counterpart apparatuses, generates auxiliary data and auxiliary data validity certification sentence from the contribution data set and the contribution random number, transmits the auxiliary data, the auxiliary data validity certification sentence and the contribution confirmation signature to the plurality of counterpart apparatuses, verifies validity of auxiliary data by using the counterpart identifier set, the counterpart public key set, the contribution confirmation signature set including the data received from the plurality of counterpart apparatuses, the auxiliary data set and the auxiliary data validity certification sentence set, and generates a public key from the contribution data set and the auxiliary data received from the plurality of counterpart apparatuses.

Joao Girao

Papers

CDA: concealed data aggregation for reverse multicast traffic in wireless sensor networks

Concealed Data Aggregation for Reverse Multicast Traffic in Sensor Networks: Encryption, Key Distribution, and Routing Adaptation

Method and system for performing delegation of resources

Secure comparison of encrypted data in wireless sensor networks

Key exchanging apparatus