Statistics for Spatial Data.

The carbon cycle of the coastal ocean is a dynamic component of the global carbon budget. But the diverse sources and sinks of carbon and their complex interactions in these waters remain poorly understood. Here we discuss the sources, exchanges and fates of carbon in the coastal ocean and how anthropogenic activities have altered the carbon cycle. Recent evidence suggests that the coastal ocean may have become a net sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide during post-industrial times. Continued human pressures in coastal zones will probably have an important impact on the future evolution of the coastal ocean's carbon budget.

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The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean

Foreword 1. Introduction 2. Runoff, erosion and delivery to the coastal ocean 3. Temporal variations 4. Human impacts Appendices. Global River Database: Appendix A: North and Central America Appendix B: South America Appendix C: Europe Appendix D: Africa Appendix E: Eurasia Appendix F: Asia Appendix G: Oceania References Index.

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River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis

Recent literature concerning regional development has placed significant emphasis on local institutional structures and their capacity to ‘hold down’ the global. Conversely, work on inter-firm networks – such as the global commodity chain approach – has highlighted the significance of the organizational structures of global firms’ production systems and their relation to industrial upgrading. In this paper, drawing upon a global production networks perspective, we conceptualize the connections between ‘globalizing’ processes, as embodied in the production networks of transnational corporations, and regional development in specific territorial formations. We delimit the ‘strategic coupling’ of the global production networks of firms and regional economies which ultimately drives regional development through the processes of value creation, enhancement and capture. In doing so, we stress the multi-scalarity of the forces and processes underlying regional development, and thus do not privilege one particular geographical scale. By way of illustration, we introduce an example drawn from recent research into global production networks in East Asia and Europe. The example profiles the investments of car manufacturer BMW in Eastern Bavaria, Germany and Rayong, Thailand, and considers their implications for regional development.

Globalizing regional development: aglobal production networks perspective

Wheaton, J. M., Brasington, J., Darby, S. E., Sear, D. A. (2010). Accounting for uncertainty in DEMs from repeat topographic surveys: improved sediment budgets. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 35, (2), 136-156.

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Accounting for uncertainty in DEMs from repeat topographic surveys: improved sediment budgets

water mainly from groundwater pumping of the freshwater aquifer (Limberg & Thierbach, 1997). Around 60% of this is generated by well galleries near the riverbank that draw water from surface water bodies through bank filtration (Limberg et al., 2007; Möller & Burgschweiger, 2008). As a result, Berlin's drinking water supply is highly dependent on the quantity and quality of streams like the Havel, Spree and Dahme (Möller & Burgschweiger, 2008). At the same time, urban storm water drainage, combined sewer overflows (CSO) and the city's sewage treatment plants (Figure 1c) discharge water into these streams (Möller & Burgschweiger, 2008; Riechel, 2009; Weyrauch et al., 2010). Major recipients of stormwater drainage are the Teltowkanal (long-term mean 13 Mio. m per year), the Wuhle and the downstream part of the Panke (long-term mean inputs of 3 Mio. m respectively; SenStadtWoh, 2018). CSOs from the combined sewer system that accounts for around 20% of the city's subsurface drainage area, especially in the centre, contribute around 7 million m of water per year to the Spree (Weyrauch et al., 2010) and can account for up to 10% to its total volume during low flow periods in the summer (Riechel, 2009). Streams strongly impacted by treated sewage water released by Berlin's treatment plants (Figure 1c) include the Nordgraben in the Northwest and the Teltowkanal in the TABLE 1 Streams assigned to the sampling groups with their respective Sample IDs, number of seasonal sampling locations; and total catchment size and catchment size within Berlin with % of the Berlin catchment sealed and connected to the drainage system, based on data from SenStadt, 2004, and SenStadtWoh, 2018 Stream ID Sampling locations Catchment area (km) Catchment in Berlin (km) (% sealed) Major surface waters Dahme D 2 See below (spree) (Müggel-) spree (M)S (2+) 5 10,105 174 (13) Landwehrkanal L 1 26 26 (15) Berlin-Spandauer-Schiffahrtskanal BS 1 n.a. n.a. Lake Tegel LT 1 150 n.a. Havel (a) H 2 3,500 n.a.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hyp.13850

Urban water systems under climate stress: An isotopic perspective from Berlin, Germany

There has been an upsurge of interest in the concept of hydrological connectivity to understand various aspects of catchment science (Bracken and Croke, 2007; Ali and Roy, 2008). Much of this work focuses on the dynamic role of connectivity in explaining the nonlinearities in catchment hydrological response; as the transient connection of hillslopes to channel networks is at the heart of important issues such as flood generation (e.g. Lane et al., 2004), diffuse pollutant fluxes (e.g. Jordan et al., 2007) and the trigger of many important ecological events (e.g. Tetzlaff et al., 2007a). These issues come together when considering the risk of microbiological pollution of surface waters by faecal pathogens which may include bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites from warmblooded animals (Geldreich, 1996). This is an important applied topic with implications for human health, although one, poorly understood and an area where insights from process hydrology have not contributed as much as they might (Kay et al., 2007). Runoff processes in urban, agricultural and more extensively managed ‘wild’ landscapes play a crucial role in connecting pathogen reservoirs in the landscape to the river channel network (Kay et al., 2005). Managing this pollution risk requires different approaches under different land uses; however, there is a particular challenge in relatively undisturbed montane regions where the spatial distribution of pathogenic agents mainly relates to the distributions of wild animal populations which are often unknown. Yet in many such regions, water bodies are used for recreational activities and water supplies for dispersed populations usually have limited treatment. Thus, microbiological pollution may have significant health risks in areas often mistakenly considered ‘pristine’. If policies such as the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) are to be implemented, integrated catchment management of diffuse pollution requires that these issues receive more attention (Kay et al., 2010). The relationship between microbiological pathogens and hydrological connectivity in montane regions introduces complexities, particularly in terms of the seasonal influence of temperature and moisture availability on microbial survival and reproduction. There is already an identified need to develop appropriate metrics to quantify hydrological connectivity in different environmental settings (Ali and Roy, 2008). Such metrics have generally focused on physical and chemical parameters, which may differ greatly in different catchments. For example, assessing connectivity in overland flow dominated catchments (e.g. Birkel et al., 2010) will require approaches that differ from those applicable to catchments dominated by sub-surface flows (e.g. Lehmann et al., 2007). Here, we highlight the critical importance of seasonality in understanding how hydrological connectivity influences landscape and riverscape interactions to control fluxes of microbiological pollutants in a montane catchment in Scotland.

Hydrological connectivity and microbiological fluxes in montane catchments: the role of seasonality and climatic variability

We conducted an integrated groundwater–surface water monitoring programme in a 3.2-km2 experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands by sampling all springs, seepages, and wells in six, spatially extensive synoptic surveys over a 2-year period. The catchment has been glaciated, with steep hillslopes and a flat valley bottom. There is around 70% glacial drift cover in lower areas. The solid geology, which outcrops at higher elevations, is granite and metamorphic schist. The springs and seepages generally occur at the contact between the solid geology and drift or at breaks of slopes in the valley bottom. Samples were analysed for stable isotopes, Gran alkalinity and electrical conductivity. Despite the surveys encompassing markedly different antecedent conditions, the isotopic composition of groundwater at each location exhibited limited temporal variability, resulting in a remarkable persistence of spatial patterns indicating well-mixed shallow, groundwater stores. Moreover, line-conditioned excess values derived from the isotope data indicated no evidence of fractionation affecting the groundwater, which suggests that most recharge occurs in winter. The alkalinity and electrical conductivity of groundwater reflected geological differences in the catchment, being highest where more weatherable calcareous rocks outcrop at higher altitudes in the catchment. Springs draining these areas also had the most variable isotope composition, which indicated that they have shorter residence times than the drift covered part of the catchment. The study showed that even in geologically heterogeneous upland catchments, groundwater can be characterized by a consistent isotopic composition, reflecting rapid mixing in the recharge zone. Our work, thus, emphasizes the critical role of groundwater in upland catchments and provides tracer data that can help constrain quantitative groundwater models.

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Groundwater isoscapes in a montane headwater catchment show dominance of well-mixed storage

Spatial distribution of transit times in montane catchments: conceptualization tools for management

The northern mid-high latitudes form a region that is sensitive to climate change, and many areas already have seen – or are projected to see – marked changes in hydroclimatic drivers on catchment hydrological function In this paper, we use tracer-aided conceptual runoff models to investigate such impacts in a mesoscale (749 km2) catchment in northern Scotland The catchment encompasses both sub-arctic montane sub-catchments with high precipitation and significant snow influence and drier, warmer lowland sub-catchments We used downscaled HadCM3 General Circulation Model outputs through the UKCP09 stochastic weather generator to project the future climate This was based on synthetic precipitation and temperature time series generated from three climate change scenarios under low, medium and high greenhouse gas emissions Within an uncertainty framework, we examined the impact of climate change at the monthly, seasonal and annual scales and projected impacts on flow regimes in upland and lowland sub-catchments using hydrological models with appropriate process conceptualization for each landscape unit The results reveal landscape-specific sensitivity to climate change In the uplands, higher temperatures result in diminishing snow influence which increases winter flows, with a concomitant decline in spring flows as melt reduces In the lowlands, increases in air temperatures and re-distribution of precipitation towards autumn and winter lead to strongly reduced summer flows despite increasing annual precipitation The integration at the catchment outlet moderates these seasonal extremes expected in the headwaters This highlights the intimate connection between hydrological dynamics and catchment characteristics which reflect landscape evolution It also indicates that spatial variability of changes in climatic forcing combined with differential landscape sensitivity in large heterogeneous catchments can lead to higher resilience of the integrated runoff response Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Doerthe Tetzlaff

Papers

Urban water systems under climate stress: An isotopic perspective from Berlin, Germany

Hydrological connectivity and microbiological fluxes in montane catchments: the role of seasonality and climatic variability

Groundwater isoscapes in a montane headwater catchment show dominance of well-mixed storage

Spatial distribution of transit times in montane catchments: conceptualization tools for management

Projecting climate change impacts on stream flow regimes with tracer-aided runoff models - preliminary assessment of heterogeneity at the mesoscale