The Open and Closed Mind

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A Study of the Relation between Group and Individual Counseling Supervision and Three Relationship Measures.

The assumption that family attitudes play an important role in motivating children to learn is widely held. It is believed that poor family attitudes can offset the effects of the best educational program. This study employed psychotherapy to influence attitudes of families with a child in a school for the emotionally disturbed. The results indicated that family therapy improved the classroom behavior of the children as well as behavior observed by their parents at home.

Family Therapy for Disturbed Children: Some Experimental Results in Special Education*

A 40-item short form of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory is developed to assess the experience of the facilitative conditions in the supervisory relationship. There are five scales, Regar...

A Short Form of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory for Supervisory Relationships

This study tested the hypotheses that disturbed adolescents perceive lower parental attitudes (positive regard, empathic understanding, genuineness and unconditional regard) than are perceived by their normal siblings and normal controls; that normal siblings do not differ from normal controls on these variables; that levels of perceived attitudes are positively related to family concept measures of adjustment and satisfaction; and that attitudes perceived in one parent are positively associated with those perceived in the other. The hypotheses were substantially confirmed. In contrast to both normal groups, the disturbed adolescents failed to show positive relationships between maternal attitudes and the family concept measures and between perceived paternal and maternal attitudes.

Perceived Parental Attitudes and Family Concepts of Disturbed Adolescents, Normal Siblings and Normal Controls

This study tested Barrett-Lennard's conclusion that the 4 subscales of the Relationship Inventory are relatively independent of each other. Ss were 69 clients participating in initial interviews wi...

Intercorrelations of Four Relationship Components of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory:

This study examined the relationship between client dogmatism and perceptions of the counselor's empathy, level of regard, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. Counselor dogmatism was held constant. It was hypothesized that the client's dogmatism would be negatively related to his perceptions of these four counselor attitudes. The analysis revealed small but significant negative correlations between client dogmatism and three of the four counselor-expressed attitudes (congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard).

Client dogmatism and perceived counselor attitudes

The relationship between client status and successful vocational rehabilitation was investigated. Clients defined in terms of disabled and disabled-disadvantaged differed with respect to successful rehabilitation. Disabled Ss evidenced a greater success rate than disabled-disadvantaged Ss.

Successful rehabilitation as a function of client status.

Evidence seems to be that, when effective leadership exists, the group becomes more productive (Kemp, 1964). It was the purpose of this study to investigate the relationship between open-mindedness and close-mindedness, as measured by the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, Form E (Rokeach, 1960), of 40 student teachers in cheir perceptions of ideal classroom leadership. Fourth year student teachers at the University of Toledo were administered the Rokeach scale and an instrument designed to measure scyles of leadership. The latter instrument has 11 incomplete statements, responses to which suggest preference for authoritarian or democratic leadership, e.g., Item 3, \"Planning course content should be done by the: Teacher ....; Students and Teacher .....\" W e assume that checking \"Teacher\" indicates an authoritarian preference and checking \"Students and Teacher\" a democratic one. Of the 40 students, 16 were found to be open-minded (Rokeach scores ranging from 89 to 120) and 13 close-minded (scores from 151 to 202). These open-minded students significantly preferred the democratic sryle of leadership (x\" 28.2, df = 1, p < ,001). In a democratically oriented society one might wonder what having closeminded persons preparing to teach in our schools means to the successful functioning of our society. Perhaps, in selecting prospective teachers we should consider not only their academic records but also whether their minds are open enough for them to strengthen the democratic orientation of our society. ~ f t e r all, it has been pointed out by many authorities, the Germany in which the Nazi regime developed was a highly literate, \"cultured\" society. A critical, open mind is vital to preserving and perpetuating a democratic ethos (Pearson, 1957; Frumkin, 1959). In che light of the implications outlined here, our findings strongly suggest a contin~ling need for critical evaluation and reevaluation of our educational practices.

Donald J. Tosi

Papers

Intercorrelations of Four Relationship Components of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory:

Client dogmatism and perceived counselor attitudes

Successful rehabilitation as a function of client status.

Dogmatism and student teacher perceptions of ideal classroom leadership.