Showing papers in "The Personnel and Guidance Journal in 1970"
TL;DR: In this article, four types of career counseling are described: Type 1, a traditional vocational counseling approach which helps the client with a specific decision; Type 2, which is concerned with teaching decision-making skills; Type 3, which views career development as a process rather than an end-point toward which all decisions lead; and Type 4, which focuses on creating in the individual the ability to utilize his own strengths to achieve self-determined objectives and to influence the nature of future opportunities.
Abstract: Counseling practice has not reflected current thinking about career development and career process. Four types of career counseling are described: Type 1, a traditional vocational counseling approach which helps the client with a specific decision; Type 2, which is concerned with teaching decision-making skills; Type 3, which views career development as a process rather than an end-point toward which all decisions lead; and Type 4, which focuses on creating in the individual the ability to utilize his own strengths to achieve self-determined objectives and to influence the nature of future opportunities.
34 citations
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TL;DR: Present and future computer-based systems used in counseling and guidance, and several descriptive references are described, some of which replace and go beyond certain current counseling functions.
Abstract: Computers already are an important counseling and guidance aid. This article describes present and future computer-based systems used in counseling and guidance, and provides several descriptive references. It also notes selected aspects of developing technology and suggests that computers become increasingly available to counselors. Finally, the article describes five types of systems, some of which replace and go beyond certain current counseling functions.
32 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the black student's view of guidance in order that counselors might develop a role for the profession that will serve this student more effectively, and found that the demand made by black students that administrators employ more black counselors reveals not only students' need to proclaim black identity and pride but also their grievances against guidance that have deeper roots than just the current social revolution.
Abstract: The demand made by black students that administrators employ more black counselors reveals not only students' needs to proclaim black identity and pride but also their grievances against guidance that have deeper roots than just the current social revolution. This article examines the black student's view of guidance in order that counselors might develop a role for the profession that will serve this student more effectively.
31 citations
TL;DR: This article discusses problems in developing counseling and guidance programs and the systems approach is presented as an approach founded on scientifically based principles which counselors might consider in planning effective and efficient programs.
Abstract: This article discusses problems in developing counseling and guidance programs. The systems approach is presented as an approach founded on scientifically based principles which counselors might consider in planning effective and efficient programs. The systems concept, analysis and synthesis, systems design, behavioral objectives, feedback, and flowcharting are briefly explained, followed by the application of the systems technique for a generalized model for the establishment, operation, and maintenance of a counseling and guidance program.
28 citations
TL;DR: The racial attitudes of black college students were examined to determine changes in the acceptance or rejection of negative racial stereotypes as mentioned in this paper, and the results indicated that black students as a group accept more anti-white ideology and less anti-Negro ideology than a comparable group of students sampled in 1957.
Abstract: The racial attitudes of black college students were examined to determine changes in the acceptance or rejection of negative racial stereotypes. The results indicate that black students as a group accept more anti-white ideology and less anti-Negro ideology than a comparable group of students sampled in 1957. Students sampled in 1968 were significantly less authoritarian than the earlier group. The trend is explored in the context of the changing social and psychological milieu of today's black college student. Implications to the counseling and student personnel profession are obvious and perhaps ominous.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the psychological placebo effect and client susceptibility to persuasion and counselor expectations for client improvement in the context of placebo reactivity, patient susceptibility to persuading, and client expectation for improvement.
Abstract: Recent empirical and theoretical developments suggest that clients who genuinely believe in the effectiveness of counseling are likely to improve regardless of the validity of the counselor's approach. This improvement is based on a “psychological placebo effect” that arouses client expectations for improvement and provides clients with additional security and self-confidence to deal with life more effectively. These considerations are discussed in the context of placebo reactivity, client susceptibility to persuasion, and counselor expectations for client improvement.
26 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that principals with some counseling training or experience were more similar to counselor educators in expectations concerning discipline, confidentiality, and clerical activity than those principals without counseling training experience, yet all principals differed markedly from the ideal role as viewed by counselor educators.
Abstract: Principals' expectations on six counselor role dimensions were compared with ideal counselor roles as seen by counselor educators. The relationship of principals' training and practice in counseling to appropriate counselor role perceptions was also studied. Disagreement was found between principals and counselor educators on the role of the counselor in situations involving clerical tasks, confidentiality, personal-emotional counseling, and non-related counseling functions. Principals with some counseling training or experience were more similar to counselor educators in expectations concerning discipline, confidentiality, and clerical activity than those principals without counseling training experience. Yet all principals differed markedly from the ideal role as viewed by counselor educators.
26 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated the amount of financial, clerical, and student assistance received by men and women scholars and found that women benefited more from financial, student, and professional assistance than men.
Abstract: Women, the largest group of “minority” workers, are actively seeking to reduce inequities in opportunities for career development. Counselors and clinicians, who as a group have been found to hold sex-role stereotypes, probably restrict the career opportunities of women. Vocational counselors of women need to consider key questions such as the number of children women would like to have. Researchers, in studying the job performance of highly educated women, need to investigate the amount of financial, clerical, and student assistance received by men and women scholars. Such research might in part explain sex differences in research productivity.
25 citations
TL;DR: The career of the counselor is influenced by the bureaucratic structure of his institution, whether secondary school, university, or public agency as discussed by the authors, and the limitations imposed upon the counselor by the values and modus operandi of the institution and its preconceptions of the client's problem.
Abstract: The career of the counselor is influenced by the bureaucratic structure of his institution, whether secondary school, university, or public agency. Important elements in the client-counselor interaction are found in the limitations imposed upon the counselor by the values and modus operandi of the institution and its preconceptions of the client's problem. To cope effectively with such matters, counselors should be trained as social critics and develop a greater awareness of how their professional roles are shaped by institutional power structures.
23 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that very few blacks (3 percent of 1969 entering freshmen) are entering the large, primarily white universities and that the admissions procedures used for these programs and for regular black admissions remain very traditional.
Abstract: This study sought to answer the basic question: What is the gap between published articles on black admissions and actual admissions practices in the colleges? Results indicated that very few blacks (3 percent of 1969 entering freshmen) are entering the large, primarily white universities. While many schools have established special programs for blacks, the admissions procedures used for these programs and for regular black admissions remain very traditional.
22 citations
TL;DR: Empirical evidence supports the commonly held belief that empathy facilitates psychotherapy outcomes as discussed by the authors, however, only six studies of empathy and counseling outcomes have been conducted in the literature.
Abstract: Empirical evidence supports the commonly held belief that empathy facilitates psychotherapy outcomes. Complete analysis of the literature identified only six studies of empathy and counseling outcomes. Contrary to expectations, empathy does not appear important in counseling. This article discusses reasons for this finding as well as implications for counseling practice, theory, and research.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss five prominent developmental tasks encountered by the college student during late adolescence and early adulthood, including the shift in the nature of one's relationship with one's parents, the resolution of a personal sexual identity, the creation of a value system which fits the student as a truly unique individual, the development of the capacity for true human intimacy, and the choice of a life's work.
Abstract: This article discusses five prominent developmental tasks encountered by the college student during late adolescence and early adulthood. The manner used to resolve these tasks is crucial not only to the student's adaptation at college but to his eventual life style. The five tasks are: (a) the shift in the nature of one's relationship with one's parents, i.e., from a child-parent to an adult-adult relationship; (b) the resolution of a personal sexual identity; (c) the creation of a value system which fits the student as a truly unique individual; (d) the development of the capacity for true human intimacy; and (e) the choice of a life's work.
TL;DR: In this paper, student-reported past grades were compared with school-reported grades as to their usefulness in predicting success in mathematics courses, and it was concluded that for the purposes described here, studentreported grades may be used.
Abstract: Student-reported past grades were compared with school-reported grades as to their usefulness in predicting success in mathematics courses. Student-reported grades were as valid as school-reported grades in predicting criteria of algebra success but were slightly less valid in predicting criteria of geometry success. It is concluded that for the purposes described here, student-reported grades may be used.
TL;DR: The Life Skills counseling program as mentioned in this paper provides a structured means of helping disadvantaged groups acquire the necessary experience, knowledge, and skill to cope effectively with the psychosocial aspects of personal development, parenthood, and citizenship.
Abstract: The difficult life problems of disadvantaged adults and adolescents are not easily resolved through traditional unstructured counseling methods. The Life Skills counseling program provides a structured means of helping disadvantaged groups acquire the necessary experience, knowledge, and skill to cope effectively with the psychosocial aspects of personal development, parenthood, and citizenship. Life Skills counseling employs a life problem-derived curriculum and a four-stage learning model which integrates counseling and teaching functions as it facilitates problem-solving through inductive and deductive modes of inquiry and application.
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of an effeminate boy in an elementary school was presented, where the counselor consulted the child's teachers regarding strategies for change and observed significant changes in behavior and attitude as measured by pre- and post-experimental measures: playground behavior, lunchroom behavior, physical education activities, class sociogram, and a semantic differential.
Abstract: This article presents a case study of an effeminate boy in an elementary school. Rather than counseling the boy directly, the counselor consulted the child's teachers regarding strategies for change. Following experimental procedures, significant changes were recorded in behavior and attitude as measured by pre- and post-experimental measures: playground behavior, lunchroom behavior, physical education activities, class sociogram, and a Semantic Differential. The case demonstrates how deviant children, such as this effeminate boy, can be aided through consultation with teachers and through learning experiences within the regular school program.
TL;DR: This article found that the majority of clients who were counseled by advanced trainees or doctorate level staff viewed their counseling experience positively, while a large percentage of the clients of beginning practicum students viewed their counselling negatively.
Abstract: This study sought to assess students' reactions toward their vocational and educational counseling at a university counseling center. Students receiving educational-vocational counseling during the 1968-69 academic year served as subjects whose responses to a 29-item questionnaire were used to determine their reactions to counseling. The majority of clients who were counseled by advanced trainees or doctorate level staff viewed their counseling experience positively. A large percentage of the clients of beginning practicum students viewed their counseling negatively. The findings suggested weaknesses in vocational counseling facilities, in counselors' skills, and in training of beginning practicum students. Implications for change are suggested and the need for assessment in counseling agencies is emphasized.
TL;DR: The most difficult task for the counselor is to find a way to reverse the spiral of the ′60's that has propelled black students toward futility as mentioned in this paper, and the committed counselor should communicate honesty and sincerity to the students, know the facts about the black experience, enlighten his administration about black students' needs, and have firsthand knowledge about students' feelings regarding their curriculum.
Abstract: The most difficult task for the counselor is to find a way to reverse the spiral of the ′60's that has propelled black students toward futility. The committed counselor should communicate honesty and sincerity to the students, know the facts about the black experience, enlighten his administration about black students' needs, and have first-hand knowledge about students' feelings regarding their curriculum.
TL;DR: In this article, a university laboratory school counselor was consulted by a fourth grade teacher in order to resolve disruptive classroom behaviors of one student who did not stay seated and frequently spoke without permission.
Abstract: A university laboratory school counselor was consulted by a fourth grade teacher in order to resolve disruptive classroom behaviors of one student who did not stay seated and frequently spoke without permission. A behavioral approach in the classroom enabled the counselor to help. The teacher was instructed to pay attention to the child only when he remained seated or raised his hand for recognition. The student's behavior improved substantially. This study illustrates how the counselor can be effective as a consultant.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed the theoretical background and causes of youth alienation in today's youth and the implications for counselors and the schools along with recommendations for possible courses of action.
Abstract: A serious problem facing counselors in today's schools is the increasing number of youth who are alienated from their schools. In dealing with this situation, counselors frequently regard it as one which stems from a dysfunction within the individual student; although this may be true in some cases, it is the thesis of this article that the problem often stems from the structure of the school. The theoretical background and causes of alienation in today's youth are discussed. Implications for counselors and the schools are presented along with recommendations for possible courses of action.
TL;DR: It is imperative, if privacy interests are to be protected, that stringent protective devices be included in each information system of this type of large-scale personal data retrieval systems.
Abstract: Large-scale personal data retrieval systems must be expected to come into very general use. Despite the obvious opportunities that these systems offer, they may also involve important hazards for individual and organizational privacy. It is imperative, if privacy interests are to be protected, that stringent protective devices be included in each information system of this type. These devices should involve limitations upon the scope and character of the data that are collected, their dissemination, and their use. They must be tailored to the problems presented by each information system.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied characteristics of students with lenient attitudes toward cheating and identified the types of colleges that tend to enroll these students and found that these students tend to be less academically motivated, have fewer artistic-literary interests, and come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to study characteristics of students with lenient attitudes toward cheating and to identify the types of colleges that tend to enroll these students. The student sample consisted of 1500 entering freshmen at 37 colleges, while the analysis by type of institution was conducted with 119 colleges and universities. Students with lenient attitudes toward academic cheating shared similar attitudes about cheating in government and industry. Furthermore, these students, compared to other students, tend to be less academically motivated, have fewer artistic-literary interests, and come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Institutions that enrolled students with strong attitudes against cheating, and thus provided less of a climate for cheating, were generally more selective, all-female, and small in size. These same types of institutions, according to previous research, also have lower cheating rates.
TL;DR: The psychology of communication can bring to counseling greater clarification of verbal and nonverbal interview interactions as mentioned in this paper, and it is suggested that each message conveys both content and a definition of relationship.
Abstract: The psychology of communication can bring to counseling greater clarification of verbal and nonverbal interview interactions. Various communication channels are discussed, including language and nonlanguage forms. It is suggested that each message conveys both content and a definition of relationship. Communication does not function in a linear manner but in a system of feedback loops, each of which is comparable to a stimulus-response-reinforcement sequence. Examples of communication patterns are given to illustrate the kinds of messages conveyed in language and nonlanguage channels. All communication modalities should be taken into consideration in studies of counseling interactions, and training programs should make counselors more sensitive communication participants.
TL;DR: The future of guidance could well depend on the capacity of the counseling profession to utilize technology effectively, and how to use technology to realize counselors' personal and societal goals in particular settings is key.
Abstract: Guidance technology has the potential to enable counselors to reach new goals and to accomplish old goals in new ways. The appropriate guidance use of technology, however, is not just one of designing machines but rather of discovering how to use technology to realize counselors' personal and societal goals in particular settings. The future of guidance could well depend on the capacity of the counseling profession to utilize technology effectively.
TL;DR: The authors found that students are motivated to seek sensitivity groups because of self-perceived problems in the same way that they are who seek counseling, and the assumption that the well-functioning individual joins sensitivity groups was challenged.
Abstract: Thirty-nine undergraduates who volunteered for sensitivity groups and 62 who did not were compared on 11 scales of the California Psychological Inventory. As predicted, sensitivity group members scored significantly lower on 8 of 11 scales. Differences on the other three scales were in the predicted direction but insignificant. The authors suggested that students are motivated to seek sensitivity groups because of self-perceived problems in the same way that students are who seek counseling. The assumption that the well-functioning individual joins sensitivity groups was challenged.
TL;DR: The Help Anonymous crisis calling center for college students at Southern Colorado State College as mentioned in this paper was established in 1968 to make counseling help readily available to students in distress, including dating, family, college classes, loneliness, and lack of information.
Abstract: This article describes the organization and implementation of a crisis calling center for college students at Southern Colorado State College. The “Help Anonymous” telephone service was established in November of 1968 to make counseling help readily available to students in distress. Volunteers staffed the service after they had completed special training supervised by professional personnel. Calls received as of May 28, 1969, totalled 380. Problem areas mentioned most frequently by callers included dating, family, college classes, loneliness, and lack of information. Help Anonymous thus far has evolved three functions: a listening service, an information service, and a referral service. In addition, the program has revealed unusual potential for a variety of future applications within the college community.
TL;DR: The conditions which are basic to constructive human relationships in the psychotherapeutic setting are explored as they are currently being expressed in the context of our larger society as mentioned in this paper, and various elements of our modern society are expressing single dimensions of these necessary conditions, and these dimensions, when they occur separately, are insufficient for facilitative human interaction.
Abstract: The conditions which are basic to constructive human relationships in the psychotherapeutic setting are explored as they are currently being expressed in the context of our larger society. The article's thesis is that various elements of our modern society are expressing single dimensions of these necessary conditions, and that these dimensions, when they occur separately, are insufficient for facilitative human interaction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that school counselors do not deal systematically and consistently with exceptional children's needs and appraise counselors' work with mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, and gifted students.
Abstract: Elementary and secondary school counselors seem to neglect certain students while providing services to others, without knowing the results This article suggests that school counselors do not deal systematically and consistently with exceptional children's needs It appraises counselors' work with mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, and gifted students