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Flow The Psychology Of Optimal Experience

In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

This paper presents a new reflectance model for rendering computer synthesized images. The model accounts for the relative brightness of different materials and light sources in the same scene. It describes the directional distribution of the reflected light and a color shift that occurs as the reflectance changes with incidence angle. The paper presents a method for obtaining the spectral energy distribution of the light reflected from an object made of a specific real material and discusses a procedure for accurately reproducing the color associated with the spectral energy distribution. The model is applied to the simulation of a metal and a plastic.

A reflectance model for computer graphics

This survey summarizes almost 50 years of research and development in the field of Augmented Reality AR. From early research in the1960's until widespread availability by the 2010's there has been steady progress towards the goal of being able to seamlessly combine real and virtual worlds. We provide an overview of the common definitions of AR, and show how AR fits into taxonomies of other related technologies. A history of important milestones in Augmented Reality is followed by sections on the key enabling technologies of tracking, display and input devices. We also review design guidelines and provide some examples of successful AR applications. Finally, we conclude with a summary of directions for future work and a review of some of the areas that are currently being researched.

/pdf/a-survey-of-augmented-reality-2ce6xet7y5.pdf

A Survey of Augmented Reality

The determinants of recommendations to use augmented reality technologies: the case of a Korean theme park.

Student creativity is currently attracting considerable attention. An increasing number of high schools in China are trying to improve the learning motivation and creativity of students, as well as the teaching efficiency of creative design, by introducing augmented reality (AR) technology into creative design courses. However, many teachers have only limited knowledge of AR, and software developers are not familiar with general creative design education, which makes it difficult to incorporate AR in such courses. In many high schools in China, the lack of relevant teaching facilities and creative design equipment means that the environment in which the technology curriculum is applied still has a long way to go to meet the real requirement of curriculum. To address these problems, we present a general technical creative design teaching scheme that includes AR. Our approach is based on the ARCS model of motivational design, social psychology, and a computational model of creativity. Two teaching aids are introduced to support this teaching scheme: "AR Creative-Classroom," which explains the domain-relevant knowledge of creative design, and "AR Creative-Builder," which helps students to build actual AR scenes. The results of a pilot study show that the proposed teaching scheme significantly improves learning motivation, student creativity, and the teaching of creative design. Design a creative design teaching scheme with the introduction of AR.Develop two AR-based and teaching scheme related teaching aids.Demonstrate the AR-based teaching scheme improves the learning motivation.Demonstrate the scheme helps students to experience the complete creative design process.Demonstrate the AR-based teaching scheme improve the creativity of the outputs.

Teaching based on augmented reality for a technical creative design course

In a mixed reality (MR) environment that combines the physical objects with the virtual environments, users’ feelings are immersed in the virtual world, while their bodies remain in the physical world. Compared to the purely physical environments, such characteristic has led to some special needs for users’ long-term immersion. However, the deficiency needs that we have to face for long-term immersion still need further research. In this paper, we apply the theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (MHN) to guide the design of MR systems for long-term immersion. Taking the normal biological rhythm of human beings as the basic unit (24 hours), we propose the fundamental needs for long-term immersion in VEs through combining the theory of MHN with the special needs of virtual reality (VR). In order to verify whether those needs can satisfy users’ long-term immersion, we design an MR office system for basic operations based on the theory of MHN. A long-term exposure experiment (duration of 8 hours) is designed to evaluate those needs by comparing the results with a physical work environment after a short-term preliminary study. The physiological and psychological effects are tested in both two environments and the deficiency needs for short-term immersion and long-term immersion are also compared. The results showed that the design based on the theory of MHN can support users’ long-term immersion, which means that it can be a guideline for long-term use of MR systems.

Mixed Reality Office System Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Towards the Long-Term Immersion in Virtual Environments

The virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications have been widely used in a variety of fields; one of the key requirements in a VR or AR system is to understand how users perceive depth in the virtual environment and augmented reality. This paper conducts an experiment to compare users' performance of depth perception in VR and AR system using an optical see-through head-mounted display (HMD). The result shows that the accuracy of depth estimation in AR is higher than in VR. Besides, the matching error increases as the distance becomes farther.

Comparison in Depth Perception between Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Systems

Effects of shading model and opacity on depth perception in optical see-through augmented reality

We present a text entry technique called HiFinger, which is an eyes-free, one-handed wearable text entry technique for immersive virtual environments by thumb-to-fingers touch. This technique enables users to input text quickly, accurately, and comfortably with the sense of touch and a two-step input mode. It is especially suitable for mobile scenarios where users need to move (such as walking) in virtual environments. Various input signals can be triggered by moving the thumb towards ultra-thin pressure sensors placed on other fingers. After acquiring the comfort range of the touch between the thumb and other fingers, six placement modes for text entry are designed and tested, resulting in an optimal placement mode that leverages six pressure sensors for the text entry and two for the control function. A three-day study is conducted to evaluate the proposed technique, and experimental results show that novices can achieve an average text entry efficiency of 9.82 words per minute (WPM) in virtual environments based on head-mounted displays after a training period of 25 min.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3063/pdf

Dongdong Weng

Papers

Teaching based on augmented reality for a technical creative design course

Mixed Reality Office System Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Towards the Long-Term Immersion in Virtual Environments

Comparison in Depth Perception between Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Systems

Effects of shading model and opacity on depth perception in optical see-through augmented reality

HiFinger: One-Handed Text Entry Technique for Virtual Environments Based on Touches between Fingers