Growth curves, when conventionally plotted as length on age, are difficult to compare and classify. Moreover, the usual mathematical methods of fitting them, such as, the logistic and the Gompertz are rather laborious and incon venient for application to large numbers of individuals. Fortunately, for many purposes, it is unnecessary to describe the whole growth curve; for the part below the inflection point is completed early and the part above the inflection pointâ€”the â€œ? self-inhibitingâ€• phase, covers the period of life when differences in growth are likely to be most striking. That phase of the growth curve can be appropriately represented by a straight line, the charac teristics of which can be treated statistically, by the following graphic method: Using arithmetic graph paper, with body length represented along both the x axis and along the y axis, plot length at ages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5@ n on the x axis against length at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. n + 1, respectively, on the y axis. For several species on which I have found published length data, these points fall along a straight line. This line can be regarded as a sort of transformation of the usual growth curve, and in the following discussion I will call it that. The nine examples given in Figures 1â€”3are based on average lengths of large samples. When lengths of individual specimens are plotted by this method, a straight-line relationship is still obvious, though the points deviate more widely from the linethan when averages are used. These deviationsdoubtless result from several causes, among which random variations in environmental experience and errors of observation readily suggest themselves. For a few species the published growth data failed to produce a straight line. In these cases, the course of growth may differ from that in other animals; or the observed anomalies may reflect some artifactual effect in the data. Among those species for which this â€œ? transformationâ€• results in a straight line, the growth increments corresponding to equal time intervals, for example, be tween years of age (12 â€”? 11,13 â€”? 12,14 â€”? i@, @l,â€”? i@), have the following inter relations; where 1,, refers to the length at any given age, i.e., at the end of any given time interval :2

A new graphic method of describing the growth of animals.

Ventricular weight in spontaneously hypertensive rats (F26 generation, Okamoto-Aoki strain) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in body weight-matched American Wistar and Kyoto-Wistar normotensive rats, not only among older groups of rats but also among younger groups that had not developed significant hypertension. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration in ventricular muscle was not different from normal in the youngest group (P < 0.4) but was significantly reduced in the older spontaneously hypertensive rats (P < 0.01). Plasma renin activity was significantly increased in younger spontaneously hypertensive rats before the development of established hypertension; moreover, ventricular weight and plasma renin activity were significantly correlated in younger rats (r = 0.788, P < 0.005 for all rats, r = 0.644, P < 0.01 for spontaneously hypertensive rats). Antihypertensive therapy with either α-methyldopa or hydralazine reduced blood pressure, especially in hypertensive rats; however, ventric...

Cardiac Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The effectiveness of propranolol, used alone, in reducing arterial pressure was reevaluated in 52 hypertensive patients (42 with essential and 10 with renovascular hypertension) with special regard to the hemodynamic basis for patient selection and the relation of variations in cardiac output to control of blood pressure. Repeated hemodynamic studies were performed before and during chronic treatment with propranolol, and in all the efficacy of beta adrenergic blockade was demonstrated by inhibition of chronotropic response to infusion of isoproterenol. Four patients discontinued propranolol because of side effects; among the rest, arterial pressure was reduced in 26 and unchanged in 22. There was no difference in responsiveness between subjects with essential and renovascular hypertension. Arterial pressure responses could not be predicted from hemodynamic values before treatment; although increased cardiac output was more frequent among responders than among nonresponders (59 vs. 37 percent), group averages were not significantly different. Treatment reduced cardiac output in both groups, so that effect on arterial pressure was related to changes in total peripheral resistance (r = 0.737, P <0.001) not to changes in output (r = 0.067). Thus, the hypertensive effect of propranolol seemed to imply a long-term adaptation of peripheral resistance to chronic reduction of output.

The prolonged follow-up and repeat studies allowed a hemodynamic characterization of the occasional hypertensive responses to office visits and investigative procedures. These transient responses were not prevented during treatment although their hemodynamic basis was altered so that they were always related to increased peripheral resistance. Used in combination with other antihypertensive agents (12 patients), administration of propranolol nearly always controlled any tachycardia due to or persisting despite the other drugs and often improved the response of blood pressure.

Beta adrenergic blockade in hypertension. Practical and theoretical implications of long-term hemodynamic variations.

Table characteristics vary widely. Consequently, a great variety of computational approaches have been applied to table recognition. In this survey, the table recognition literature is presented as an interaction of table models, observations, transformations, and inferences. A table model defines the physical and logical structure of tables; the model is used to detect tables and to analyze and decompose the detected tables. Observations perform feature measurements and data lookup, transformations alter or restructure data, and inferences generate and test hypotheses. This presentation clarifies both the decisions made by a table recognizer and the assumptions and inferencing techniques that underlie these decisions.

/pdf/a-survey-of-table-recognition-models-observations-gpt3h9aq5b.pdf

A survey of table recognition: Models, observations, transformations, and inferences

The first comprehensive effort to estimate household income and its distribution in China according to standard international definitions was made for the year 1988 by an international group of economists working with members of the host institution, the Economics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). The sample survey designed by this team produced estimates of household income that were substantially different from those of the State Statistical Bureau (SSB), based on its annual surveys, with different implications for both the average standard of living and the degree of inequality of income distribution. The study, first reported in the pages of this journal in December 1992, found that per capita household income was both substantially higher and more unequally distributed than suggested by the SSB estimates. It also provided insights into sources of inequality in China that were unobtainable from the published official data on income and its distribution.

Income and Inequality in China: Composition, Distribution and Growth of Household Income, 1988 to 1995

Applied general statistics

Applied General Statistics.

Applied General Statistics-Frederick Emory Croxton 1939 \"This book is intended for the use of readers who are interested in the understanding of statistical methods, and in their application in various fields, especially the social sciences. Consequently, the illustrative material has been drawn mainly from the fields of economics, sociology, and business, but occasionally from others. The arrangement of the topics treated in this volume is about the same as in the authors' earlier book, Practical Business Statistics. The present text, however, does not stress business applications of statistical methods, but does present a greatly amplified treatment of analytical methods. The extensive discussion of the description and analysis of statistical data and of the making of statistical inferences will, we hope, make it useful to a wide group of teachers emphasizing various aspects of statistics\"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

Applied General Statistics

A partial correlation coefficient which is also a multiple correlation coefficient is discussed. Its relationship with other well-known coefficients is explained. Computational methods for computing the estimating equation and the correlation coefficient are suggested. * The writer wishes to thank Professors Harold Hotelling, George E. Nicholson, and John H. Smith for critically reading the manuscript and offering valuable comments. Professor Hotelling indicated the method of computation which he had suggested in an unpublished paper (see note 5). Professor Smith called the writer's attention to some of the earlier references to the subject in the literature. Since the first draft of this paper was written (June, 1951), it has been learned that Professor C. Horace Hamilton, of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, has written an article entitled “Population Pressure and Other Factors Affecting Net Rural-Urban Migration,” in which the coefficient of multiple-partial corr...

Dudley J. Cowden

Papers

Applied general statistics

Applied General Statistics.

Applied General Statistics.

Applied General Statistics

The Multiple-Partial Correlation Coefficient