Mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Currently, the most effective way to deliver drugs specifically to mitochondria is by covalent linking a lipophilic cation such as an alkyltriphenylphosphonium moiety to a pharmacophore of interest. Other delocalized lipophilic cations, such as rhodamine, natural and synthetic mitochondria-targeting peptides, and nanoparticle vehicles, have also been used for mitochondrial delivery of small molecules. Depending on the approach used, and the cell and mitochondrial membrane potentials, more than 1000-fold higher mitochondrial concentration can be achieved. Mitochondrial targeting has been developed to study mitochondrial physiology and dysfunction and the interaction between mitochondria and other subcellular organelles and for treatment of a variety of diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In this Review, we discuss efforts to target small-molecule compounds to mitochondria for probing mitochondria function, as diagnostic tools and potential therapeutics. We describe the physicochemical basis for mitochondrial accumulation of lipophilic cations, synthetic chemistry strategies to target compounds to mitochondria, mitochondrial probes, and sensors, and examples of mitochondrial targeting of bioactive compounds. Finally, we review published attempts to apply mitochondria-targeted agents for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

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Mitochondria-Targeted Triphenylphosphonium-Based Compounds: Syntheses, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications

Multicomponent reactions in unconventional solvents: state of the art

Photoexcited electron-hole pairs on a semiconductor surface can engage in redox reactions with two different substrates. Similar to conventional electrosynthesis, the primary redox intermediates afford only separate oxidized and reduced products or, more rarely, combine to one addition product. Here, we report that a stable organic semiconductor material, mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN), can act as a visible-light photoredox catalyst to orchestrate oxidative and reductive interfacial electron transfers to two different substrates in a two- or three-component system for direct twofold carbon-hydrogen functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes. The mpg-CN catalyst tolerates reactive radicals and strong nucleophiles, is straightforwardly recoverable by simple centrifugation of reaction mixtures, and is reusable for at least four catalytic transformations with conserved activity.

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Organic semiconductor photocatalyst can bifunctionalize arenes and heteroarenes

Potassium phthalimide-N-oxyl: a novel, efficient, and simple organocatalyst for the one-pot three-component synthesis of various 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives in water

Revealing the metal-like behavior of iodine: an iodide-catalysed radical oxidative alkenylation.

Nickel-Mediated N-Arylation with Arylboronic Acids: An Avenue to Chan–Lam Coupling

Regioselective Hydrothiolation of Alkynes by Sulfonyl Hydrazides Using Organic Ionic Base–Brønsted Acid

Convenient MW-assisted synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfides using sulfonyl hydrazides as aryl thiol surrogate.

A highly efficient green synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione derivatives and their photophysical studies

An efficient synthesis of novel pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives has been achieved by the cyclocondensation of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes and cyclohexanone in the presence of aluminium chloride under controlled microwave irradiation. The experimental conditions have been thoroughly optimized and established, allowing significant rate enhancements and excellent yields. The starting 4H-chromenes were obtained using one pot DBU-catalysed microwave induced multicomponent condensation of resorcinol, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes.

https://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/35724/

Dushyant Singh Raghuvanshi

Papers

Nickel-Mediated N-Arylation with Arylboronic Acids: An Avenue to Chan–Lam Coupling

Regioselective Hydrothiolation of Alkynes by Sulfonyl Hydrazides Using Organic Ionic Base–Brønsted Acid

Convenient MW-assisted synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfides using sulfonyl hydrazides as aryl thiol surrogate.

A highly efficient green synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione derivatives and their photophysical studies

An expeditious synthesis of novel pyranopyridine derivatives involving chromenes under controlled microwave irradiation