Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

2.3. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 6507 2.3.1. Photocatalytic Activity 6507 2.3.2. Photocatalytic Stability 6507 3. UV-Active Photocatalysts for Water Splitting 6507 3.1. d0 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6507 3.1.1. Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides 6507 3.1.2. Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides 6514 3.1.3. W-, Mo-Based Oxides 6517 3.1.4. Other d0 Metal Oxides 6518 3.2. d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6518 3.3. f0 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 6518 3.4. Nonoxide Photocatalysts 6518 4. Approaches to Modifying the Electronic Band Structure for Visible-Light Harvesting 6519

Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Nano-sized TiO 2 photocatalytic water-splitting technology has great potential for low-cost, environmentally friendly solar-hydrogen production to support the future hydrogen economy. Presently, the solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency is too low for the technology to be economically sound. The main barriers are the rapid recombination of photo-generated electron/hole pairs as well as backward reaction and the poor activation of TiO 2 by visible light. In response to these deficiencies, many investigators have been conducting research with an emphasis on effective remediation methods. Some investigators studied the effects of addition of sacrificial reagents and carbonate salts to prohibit rapid recombination of electron/hole pairs and backward reactions. Other research focused on the enhancement of photocatalysis by modification of TiO 2 by means of metal loading, metal ion doping, dye sensitization, composite semiconductor, anion doping and metal ion-implantation. This paper aims to review the up-to-date development of the above-mentioned technologies applied to TiO 2 photocatalytic hydrogen production. Based on the studies reported in the literature, metal ion-implantation and dye sensitization are very effective methods to extend the activating spectrum to the visible range. Therefore, they play an important role in the development of efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production.

A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production

Transparent conductors as solar energy materials: A panoramic review

The past several decades have seen a significant rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels resulting from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. A solar energy based technology to recycle carbon dioxide into readily transportable hydrocarbon fuel (i.e., a solar fuel) would help reduce atmospheric CO2 levels and partly fulfill energy demands within the present hydrocarbon based fuel infrastructure. We review the present status of carbon dioxide conversion techniques, with particular attention to a recently developed photocatalytic process to convert carbon dioxide and water vapor into hydrocarbon fuels using sunlight.

Toward Solar Fuels: Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Hydrocarbons

Nanocrystalline porous nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering. Films were deposited in a plasma of argon, oxygen, and nitrogen, with varying nitrogen contents. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical- and photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements. These studies showed that the films were porous and displaying rough surfaces with sharp, protruding nodules having a crystal structure varying from rutile to anatase depending on the nitrogen content. All nitrogen doped films showed visible light absorption in the wavelength range from 400 to 535 nm. The PEC properties of the thin film electrodes were determined on as-deposited as well as dye-sensitized films. The nitrogen doped TiO2 generated an incident photon-to-current efficiency response in good agreement with the optical spectra. The PEC measurements on dye-sensitized films showed that the electron-transfer properties in the conduction band were similar ...

E. Avendaño

Papers

Photoelectrochemical and Optical Properties of Nitrogen Doped Titanium Dioxide Films Prepared by Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering

Electrochromic coatings and devices: survey of some recent advances

Progress in chromogenics: New results for electrochromic and thermochromic materials and devices

Electrochromic Materials and Devices: : Brief Survey and New Data on Optical Absorption in Tungsten Oxide and Nickel Oxide Films

Electrochromism in nickel oxide films containing Mg, Al, Si, V, Zr, Nb, Ag, or Ta