https://www.statkraft.no/globalassets/old-contains-the-old-folder-structure/documents/forward-osmosis-in-jms_tcm9-24575.pdf

Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments

The structure of the Nafion ionomer used in proton-exchange membranes of H(2)/O(2) fuel cells has long been contentious. Using a recently introduced algorithm, we have quantitatively simulated previously published small-angle scattering data of hydrated Nafion. The characteristic 'ionomer peak' arises from long parallel but otherwise randomly packed water channels surrounded by partially hydrophilic side branches, forming inverted-micelle cylinders. At 20 vol% water, the water channels have diameters of between 1.8 and 3.5 nm, with an average of 2.4 nm. Nafion crystallites (approximately 10 vol%), which form physical crosslinks that are crucial for the mechanical properties of Nafion films, are elongated and parallel to the water channels, with cross-sections of approximately (5 nm)(2). Simulations for various other models of Nafion, including Gierke's cluster and the polymer-bundle model, do not match the scattering data. The new model can explain important features of Nafion, including fast diffusion of water and protons through Nafion and its persistence at low temperatures.

Parallel cylindrical water nanochannels in Nafion fuel-cell membranes.

In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers’ complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradat...

New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers

https://mccutcheon.lab.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1184/2015/05/McCutcheon-el-al-JMS-284-2006-237-247.pdf

Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis

Recent developments in forward osmosis : opportunities and challenges.

https://albertsk.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/loeb1997.pdf

E. Korngold

Papers

Effect of porous support fabric on osmosis through a Loeb-Sourirajan type asymmetric membrane

Pilot studies on high recovery BWRO-EDR for near zero liquid discharge approach

Removal of arsenic from drinking water by anion exchangers

Electrodialysis of brine solutions discharged from an RO plant

Water desalination by pervaporation with hollow fiber membranes