The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory

中枢神経系疾患の治療は正常細胞（ニューロン）の機能維持を目的とするが，脳血管障害のように機能障害の原因が細胞の死滅に基づくことは多い．一方，脳腫瘍の治療においては薬物療法や放射線療法といった腫瘍細胞の死滅を目標とするものが大きな位置を占める．いずれの場合にも，細胞死の機序を理解することは各種病態や治療法の理解のうえで重要である．現在のところ最も研究の進んでいる細胞死の型はアポトーシスである．そのなかで重要な位置を占めるミトコンドリアにおける反応および抗アポトーシス因子について概要を紹介する．

Neuroscience 細胞死：最近の知見

It is generally accepted that augmented feedback, provided by a human expert or a technical display, effectively enhances motor learning. However, discussion of the way to most effectively provide augmented feedback has been controversial. Related studies have focused primarily on simple or artificial tasks enhanced by visual feedback. Recently, technical advances have made it possible also to investigate more complex, realistic motor tasks and to implement not only visual, but also auditory, haptic, or multimodal augmented feedback. The aim of this review is to address the potential of augmented unimodal and multimodal feedback in the framework of motor learning theories. The review addresses the reasons for the different impacts of feedback strategies within or between the visual, auditory, and haptic modalities and the challenges that need to be overcome to provide appropriate feedback in these modalities, either in isolation or in combination. Accordingly, the design criteria for successful visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback are elaborated.

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Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review

Although the study of visual perception has made more progress in the past 40 years than any other area of cognitive science, there remain major disagreements as to how closely vision is tied to cognition. This target article sets out some of the arguments for both sides (arguments from computer vision, neuroscience, psychophysics, perceptual learning, and other areas of vision science) and defends the position that an important part of visual perception, corresponding to what some people have called early vision, is prohibited from accessing relevant expectations, knowledge, and utilities in determining the function it computes - in other words, it is cognitively im- penetrable. That part of vision is complex and involves top-down interactions that are internal to the early vision system. Its function is to provide a structured representation of the 3-D surfaces of objects sufficient to serve as an index into memory, with somewhat differ- ent outputs being made available to other systems such as those dealing with motor control. The paper also addresses certain concep- tual and methodological issues raised by this claim, such as whether signal detection theory and event-related potentials can be used to assess cognitive penetration of vision. A distinction is made among several stages in visual processing, including, in addition to the inflexible early-vision stage, a pre-per- ceptual attention-allocation stage and a post-perceptual evaluation, selection, and inference stage, which accesses long-term memory. These two stages provide the primary ways in which cognition can affect the outcome of visual perception. The paper discusses argu- ments from computer vision and psychology showing that vision is "intelligent" and involves elements of "problem solving." The cases of apparently intelligent interpretation sometimes cited in support of this claim do not show cognitive penetration; rather, they show that certain natural constraints on interpretation, concerned primarily with optical and geometrical properties of the world, have been com- piled into the visual system. The paper also examines a number of examples where instructions and "hints" are alleged to affect what is seen. In each case it is concluded that the evidence is more readily assimilated to the view that when cognitive effects are found, they have a locus outside early vision, in such processes as the allocation of focal attention and the identification of the stimulus.

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Is vision continuous with cognition? The case for cognitive impenetrability of visual perception

This tutorial focuses on the sense of touch within the context of a fully active human observer. It is intended for graduate students and researchers outside the discipline who seek an introduction to the rapidly evolving field of human haptics. The tutorial begins with a review of peripheral sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints. We then describe an extensive body of research on “what” and “where” channels, the former dealing with haptic perception of objects, surfaces, and their properties, and the latter with perception of spatial layout on the skin and in external space relative to the perceiver. We conclude with a brief discussion of other significant issues in the field, including vision-touch interactions, affective touch, neural plasticity, and applications.

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Haptic perception: a tutorial.

1. List of Authors 2. Chapter 1. Introduction: Touch and cognition (by Hatwell, Yvette) 3. Part 1. Some anatomical and neurophysiological bases of tactile manual perception 4. Chapter 2. General characteristics of the anatomical and functional organization of cutaneous and haptic perceptions (by Gentaz, Edouard) 5. Chapter 3. Anatomical and functional organization of cutaneous and haptic perceptions: The contribution of neuropsychology and cerebral functional imagery (by Gentaz, Edouard) 6. Part 2. Haptic perceptual exploration 7. Chapter 4. Manual exploration and haptic perception in infants (by Streri, Arlette) 8. Chapter 5. Manual exploratory procedures in children and adults (by Hatwell, Yvette) 9. Chapter 6. Handedness and manual exploration (by Streri, Arlette) 10. Part 3. Haptic perceptions and spatial imaged representations 11. Chapter 7. The haptic identification of everyday life objects (by Klatzky, Roberta L.) 12. Chapter 8. Haptic processing of spatial and material object properties (by Gentaz, Edouard) 13. Chapter 9. Haptic perceptual illusions (by Heller, Morton A.) 14. Chapter 10. Congenitally blindness and spatial mental imagery (by Cornoldi, Cesare) 15. Part 4. Intermodal coordinations 16. Chapter 11. Intermodal relations in infancy (by Streri, Arlette) 17. Chapter 12. Intermodal coordinations in children and adults (by Hatwell, Yvette) 18. Chapter 13. Tactile exploration in nonhuman primates (by Lacreuse, Agnes) 19. Part 5. Some practical applications for visually impaired people 20. Chapter 14. Braille: Issues on structure, teaching and assessment (by Tobin, Michael J.) 21. Chapter 15. The tactile reading of maps and drawings, and the access of blind people to works of art (by Hatwell, Yvette) 22. Chapter 16. Sensory substitution: Limits and perspectives (by Lenay, Charles) 23. Chapter 17. New technologies empowering visually impaired people for accessing documents (by Burger, Dominique) 24. Name index 25. Subject index

Touching for knowing : cognitive psychology of haptic manual perception

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00733557/document

The visuo-haptic and haptic exploration of letters increases the kindergarten-children's understanding of the alphabetic principle

BACKGROUND: Learning to perform new movements is usually achieved by following visual demonstrations. Haptic guidance by a force feedback device is a recent and original technology which provides additional proprioceptive cues during visuo-motor learning tasks. The effects of two types of haptic guidances-control in position (HGP) or in force (HGF)-on visuo-manual tracking ("following") of trajectories are still under debate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPALS FINDINGS: Three training techniques of haptic guidance (HGP, HGF or control condition, NHG, without haptic guidance) were evaluated in two experiments. Movements produced by adults were assessed in terms of shapes (dynamic time warping) and kinematics criteria (number of velocity peaks and mean velocity) before and after the training sessions. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that the addition of haptic information, probably encoded in force coordinates, play a crucial role on the visuo-manual tracking of new trajectories.

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Haptic Guidance Improves the Visuo-Manual Tracking of Trajectories

The hypothesis that the ability to coordinate information between tactual and visual modalities is present at birth and dependent on perceptual inherent structures was tested in human newborns. Using an intersensory paired-preference procedure, we showed that newborns can visually recognize the shape of an object that they have previously manipulated with their right hand, out of sight. This is an experimental evidence that newborns can extract shape information in a tactual format and transform it in a visual format before they have had the opportunity to learn from the pairings of visual and tactual experience. This is contrary to a host of theories and models of perceptual learning, both traditional (empiricist philosophers) and modern (connectionist).

Cross-modal recognition of shape from hand to eyes in human newborns.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00769415/document

Edouard Gentaz

Papers

Touching for knowing : cognitive psychology of haptic manual perception

The visuo-haptic and haptic exploration of letters increases the kindergarten-children's understanding of the alphabetic principle

Haptic Guidance Improves the Visuo-Manual Tracking of Trajectories

Cross-modal recognition of shape from hand to eyes in human newborns.

Haptics in teaching handwriting: the role of perceptual and visuo-motor skills.