The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

The science of the total environment

A review on the utilization of fly ash

Microbes play key geoactive roles in the biosphere, particularly in the areas of element biotransformations and biogeochemical cycling, metal and mineral transformations, decomposition, bioweathering, and soil and sediment formation. All kinds of microbes, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their symbiotic associations with each other and 'higher organisms', can contribute actively to geological phenomena, and central to many such geomicrobial processes are transformations of metals and minerals. Microbes have a variety of properties that can effect changes in metal speciation, toxicity and mobility, as well as mineral formation or mineral dissolution or deterioration. Such mechanisms are important components of natural biogeochemical cycles for metals as well as associated elements in biomass, soil, rocks and minerals, e.g. sulfur and phosphorus, and metalloids, actinides and metal radionuclides. Apart from being important in natural biosphere processes, metal and mineral transformations can have beneficial or detrimental consequences in a human context. Bioremediation is the application of biological systems to the clean-up of organic and inorganic pollution, with bacteria and fungi being the most important organisms for reclamation, immobilization or detoxification of metallic and radionuclide pollutants. Some biominerals or metallic elements deposited by microbes have catalytic and other properties in nanoparticle, crystalline or colloidal forms, and these are relevant to the development of novel biomaterials for technological and antimicrobial purposes. On the negative side, metal and mineral transformations by microbes may result in spoilage and destruction of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral-based building materials (e.g. concrete), acid mine drainage and associated metal pollution, biocorrosion of metals, alloys and related substances, and adverse effects on radionuclide speciation, mobility and containment, all with immense social and economic consequences. The ubiquity and importance of microbes in biosphere processes make geomicrobiology one of the most important concepts within microbiology, and one requiring an interdisciplinary approach to define environmental and applied significance and underpin exploitation in biotechnology.

http://dzumenvis.nic.in/Physiology/pdf/Metals,%20minerals%20and%20microbes.pdf

Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation

Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweathering and bioremediation

Mineralogical, textural and chemical analyses of clay-rich materials following firing, evidence that initial mineralogical differences between two raw materials (one with carbonates and the other without) influence the tex- tural and mineralogical evolution of the ceramics as T increases from 700 to 1100° C. Mineralogical and textural changes are interpreted considering local marked disequilibria in a system that resembles a small-scale high- T meta- morphic process ( e.g., contact aureoles in pyrometamorphism). In such conditions, rapid heating induces significant overstepping in mineral reaction, preventing stable phase formation and favoring metastable ones. High- T transfor- mations in non-carbonate materials include microcline structure collapse and/or partial transformation into sanidine; and mullite plus sanidine formation at the expenses of muscovite and/or illite at T ‡ 800° C. Mullite forms by mus- covite-out topotactic replacement, following the orientation of mica crystals: i.e., former (001) muscovite are ^ to (001)mullite. This reaction is favored by minimization of free energy during phase transition. Partial melting followed by fingered structure development at the carbonate-silicate reaction interface enhanced high- T Ca (and Mg) silicates formation in carbonate-rich materials. Gehlenite, wollastonite, diopside, and anorthite form at carbonate-silicate interfaces by combined mass transport (viscous flow) and reaction-diffusion processes. These results may add to a better understanding of the complex high- T transformations of silicate phases in both natural ( e.g., pyrometamor- phism) and artificial ( e.g., ceramic processing) systems. This information is important to elucidate technological achievements and raw material sources of ancient civilizations and, it can also be used to select appropriate clay com- position and firing temperatures for new bricks used in cultural heritage conservation interventions.

https://hera.ugr.es/doi/15010478.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing

How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials

The changes in brick porosity upon firing (700 up to 1100 � C) and its relation to the mineralogical composition are examined. Two types of raw clay with a composition representative of that used in brick-making industry were selected to manufacture the bricks: one contains notable amounts of carbonates, with a grain size of under 1 mm, and the other is predominantly quartzitic and lacking in carbonates. We demonstrate that the presence or absence of carbonates strongly influences the porosity development and, therefore, the brick texture and physical-mechanical properties. The carbonates in the raw clay promote the formation of fissures and of pores under 1 mm in size when the bricks are fired between 800 and 1000 � C. The absence of carbonates results in a continuous reduction in porosity and a significant increase in the pore fraction with a radius (r) > 1 mm as the firing temperature rises and smaller pores coalesce. Porosity and pore size distribution results obtained from the combined use of hydric tests (HT), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and digital image analysis (DIA) of scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs are compared. A clear correlation between the water absorption and drying behaviour of the bricks and the porosity plus pore size distribution is observed. DIA discloses the evolution of size, shape and connectivity of macropores (r > 1 mm) and evidences that MIP results underestimate the macropore content. Conversely, MIP gives a good estimate of the open porosity and of the distribution of pores with r <1 mm. It is concluded that the combined use of these complementary techniques helps to fully characterise the pore system of bricks. These results as well as the study of the evolution of the speed of ultrasound waves vs. time yield useful information to evaluate the bricks physical–mechanical behaviour and durability. The relevance of these findings in the conservation of historic buildings is discussed. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of mineralogy and firing temperature on the porosity of bricks

Role of particulate matter from vehicle exhaust on porous building stones (limestone) sulfation

https://www.ugr.es/~grupo179/pdf/Cultrone%2005b.pdf

Eduardo Sebastian

Papers

Carbonate and silicate phase reactions during ceramic firing

How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials

Influence of mineralogy and firing temperature on the porosity of bricks

Role of particulate matter from vehicle exhaust on porous building stones (limestone) sulfation

Forced and natural carbonation of lime-based mortars with and without additives: Mineralogical and textural changes