Cryptosystem designers frequently assume that secrets will be manipulated in closed, reliable computing environments. Unfortunately, actual computers and microchips leak information about the operations they process. This paper examines specific methods for analyzing power consumption measurements to find secret keys from tamper resistant devices. We also discuss approaches for building cryptosystems that can operate securely in existing hardware that leaks information.

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Differential Power Analysis

Learn the basic properties and designs of modern VLSI devices, as well as the factors affecting performance, with this thoroughly updated second edition. The first edition has been widely adopted as a standard textbook in microelectronics in many major US universities and worldwide. The internationally-renowned authors highlight the intricate interdependencies and subtle tradeoffs between various practically important device parameters, and also provide an in-depth discussion of device scaling and scaling limits of CMOS and bipolar devices. Equations and parameters provided are checked continuously against the reality of silicon data, making the book equally useful in practical transistor design and in the classroom. Every chapter has been updated to include the latest developments, such as MOSFET scale length theory, high-field transport model, and SiGe-base bipolar devices.

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Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices

In combination with a wheel for a bicycle and the like having an annular rim, a hub rotatable about its axis, and axially offset groups of circumferentially spaced spokes which centrally support the hub on the rim; a wheel decorating ornament comprising an annular, planar sheet of material decorated on opposite sides, axially disposed between the groups of spokes and radially disposed between the rim and the hub.

The Test Access Port and Boundary Scan Architecture

VLSI Test Principles and Architectures: Design for Testability (Systems on Silicon)

Delay fault testing is becoming more important as VLSI chips become more complex. Components that are fragments of functions, such as those in gate-array designs, need a general model of a delay fault and a feasible method of generating test patterns and simulating the fault. The authors present such a model, called a transition fault, which when used with parallel-pattern, single-fault propagation, is an efficient way to simulate delay faults. The authors describe results from 10 benchmark designs and discuss add-ons to a stuck fault simulator to enable transition fault simulation. Their experiments show that delay fault simulation can be done of random patterns in less than 10% more time than needed for a stuck fault simulation.

Transition Fault Simulation

A method and apparatus for testing very large scale integrated circuit devices, most particularly Level Sensitive Scan Design (LSSD) devices, by applying differently configured sequences of pseudo-random patterns in parallel to each of the input terminals of the device under test, collecting the output responses from each of the output terminals in parallel, combining these outputs to obtain a signature which is a predetermined function of all of the sequences of parallel outputs and comparing the test signature with a known good signature obtained by computer simulation. The input test stimuli are further altered in a predetermined fashion as a function of the structure of the device to be tested, to individually weight the inputs in favor of more or less binary ones or zeros.

Weighted random pattern testing apparatus and method

A new method for generating weighted random patterns for testing LSSD logic chips and modules is described. Advantages in using weighted random versus either deterministic or random test patterns are discussed. An algorithm for calculating an initial set of input-weighting factors and a procedure for obtaining complete stuck-fault coverage are presented.

A method for generating weighted random test pattern

An LSI semiconductor device includes a memory array incorporating address and data registers, and associated combinatorial and or sequential logic circuitry. The array is "embedded" in the sense that the memory array is not directly accessible, either in whole or in part, from the input and output terminals or pads of the device. To facilitate testing, the address registers and data registers are converted to counters by the addition of an EXCLUSIVE OR circuit to two or more positions of the register. The address and data registers are stepped through all of their states. The data register counter outputs may then be compared with the array outputs, thereby allowing one to check address selection as well as the ability to write or read at each of the storage locations.

Testing embedded arrays

Propagation delay testing is performed on a generalized and modular logic system that contains embedded arrays and can be used as arithmetic/logical/control unit in a digital computer or data processing system. Each such unit can be composed of combinatorial logic and storage circuitry. The storage circuitry may be of two types, randomly arranged latches, or arrays of storage cells. In the organization presented here the latches are arranged such that they have the capability of performing scan-in/scan-out operations independently of system control. Using this scan capability, the method of the invention provides for the state of the storage latches to be preconditioned and independent of prior circuit history. Selected propagation paths are sensitized by patterns from an automated test generator or designer supplied patterns. By alternating selected inputs and by applying proper timing control, propagation delay indications through the selected paths are obtained to determine delay behavior of the logic system.

Edward B. Eichelberger

Papers

Weighted random pattern testing apparatus and method

A method for generating weighted random test pattern

Testing embedded arrays

Method of propagation delay testing a level sensitive array logic system

A Statistical Calculation of Fault Detection Probabilities By Fast Fault Simulation.