Catalytic dehydrogenative cross-coupling: forming carbon-carbon bonds by oxidizing two carbon-hydrogen bonds

Purpose Cisplatin plus gemcitabine is a standard regimen for first-line treatment of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Phase II studies of pemetrexed plus platinum compounds have also shown activity in this setting. Patients and Methods This noninferiority, phase III, randomized study compared the overall survival between treatment arms using a fixed margin method (hazard ratio [HR] < 1.176) in 1,725 chemotherapy-naive patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1. Patients received cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 (n = 863) or cisplatin 75 mg/m2 and pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 on day 1 (n = 862) every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. Results Overall survival for cisplatin/pemetrexed was noninferior to cisplatin/gemcitabine (median survival, 10.3 v 10.3 months, respectively; HR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.05). Overall survival was statistically superior for cisplatin/pemetrexed versus cisplatin/gemcitabine ...

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Phase III Study Comparing Cisplatin Plus Gemcitabine With Cisplatin Plus Pemetrexed in Chemotherapy-Naive Patients With Advanced-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, a rapidly progressing malignancy with a median survival time of 6 to 9 months, have previously responded poorly to chemotherapy. We conducted a phase III trial to determine whether treatment with pemetrexed and cisplatin results in survival time superior to that achieved with cisplatin alone. Patients and Methods: Chemotherapy-naive patients who were not eligible for curative surgery were randomly assigned to receive pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1, or cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1. Both regimens were given intravenously every 21 days. Results: A total of 456 patients were assigned: 226 received pemetrexed and cisplatin, 222 received cisplatin alone, and eight never received therapy. Median survival time in the pemetrexed/cisplatin arm was 12.1 months versus 9.3 months in the control arm (P = .020, two-sided log-rank test). The hazard ratio for death of patients in the pemetrexed/cisplatin arm versus those in the control arm was 0.7...

https://www.rmaoem.org/Pdf%20docs/Malignant%20mesothelioma%20treatments.pdf

Phase III Study of Pemetrexed in Combination With Cisplatin Versus Cisplatin Alone in Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

4.2.8. Reductive Coupling 3109 5. Reaction of Aromatic Compounds 3110 5.1. Electrophilic Substitutions 3110 5.2. Radical Substitution 3111 5.3. Oxidative Coupling 3111 5.4. Photochemical Reactions 3111 6. Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds 3111 6.1. Nucleophilic Additions 3111 6.1.1. Allylation 3111 6.1.2. Propargylation 3120 6.1.3. Benzylation 3121 6.1.4. Arylation/Vinylation 3121 6.1.5. Alkynylation 3121 6.1.6. Alkylation 3121 6.1.7. Reformatsky-Type Reaction 3122 6.1.8. Direct Aldol Reaction 3122 6.1.9. Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction 3124 6.1.10. Hydrogen Cyanide Addition 3125 6.2. Pinacol Coupling 3126 6.3. Wittig Reactions 3126 7. Reaction of R,â-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 3127

Organic Reactions in Aqueous Media with a Focus on Carbon−Carbon Bond Formations: A Decade Update

Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

/pdf/introduction-of-fluorine-and-fluorine-containing-functional-1i8kwiad20.pdf

Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

A novel synthetic route to 7-substituted derivatives of the antitumor agent LY231514 (MTA)

Synthesis of Some Conformationally-constrained Glutamate Mimics of N-{5-[2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-yl)ethyl]thien-2-ylcarbonyl-L-glutamic Acid (LY254155)

Pteridines. XI. The Structure of Wieland's “Bis-alloxazine”1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the syntheses of folic acid, aminopterin, and methotrexate analogs in which an intact L-glutamic acid side-chain is present while simultaneously varying the pteridine ring moiety, the C-9, N- 10 bridge and/or the benzoyl group. Several analogs of folic acid are known in which the only remaining structural feature of the folic acid molecule is the p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid moiety. Biological results are discussed in those cases where the analog has significant activity in tumor systems relative to methotrexate (MTX) or aminopterin (AP). Of the many classes of deazaFA derivatives investigated, none has received more attention or resulted in more promising candidate drugs than 5,8-dideaza (quinazoline) analogs. Methylation of folic acid (FA) with a 4-molar excess of methyl iodide gave a low yield of the tetramethyl derivative. A Dimroth rearrangement brought about by base at room temperature then gave hydrolysis of the methyl esters having taken place under the conditions of the rearrangement.

Edward C. Taylor

Papers

A novel synthetic route to 7-substituted derivatives of the antitumor agent LY231514 (MTA)

Synthesis of Some Conformationally-constrained Glutamate Mimics of N-{5-[2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-yl)ethyl]thien-2-ylcarbonyl-L-glutamic Acid (LY254155)

Pteridines. XI. The Structure of Wieland's “Bis-alloxazine”1

Synthesis of analogues of folic acid, aminopterin and methotrexate as antitumour agents.

Thallium in organic synthesis IV. A convenient one-step synthesis of Di-n-alkylthallium(III) bromides