The first edition of this highly acclaimed reference work was published in 1980. Since then no other book has approached the breadth, scholarship and the balance of this book. For this long-awaited second edition, the original editors have been joined by Albert Ludolph, who brings in expertise in biological neurotoxicology. In the introductory chapters, an overview of the biological basis of neurotoxicity provides the groundwork for discussing the scope of human and veterinary neurotoxic disease. The bulk of the text is devoted to an encyclopaedic treatment of chemicals with neurotoxic potential. This consists of tightly written overviews of the properties, actions and mechanisms of all manner of substances, whether natural or synthetic. The neurotoxic mechanisms of experimental agents and adverse effects of therapeutic and abused drugs are covered extensively. Environmental pollutants, workplace contaminants, personal-use products, food additives and agents harboured by plants, animals and humans for use against their respective enemies are all included. Each substance is rated on a three-point scale for the weight of evidence indicating a specific neurotoxic effect in humans, animals, or laboratory models. These effects are summarised and cross-referenced in a series of appendices and an extensive index. This book will be indispensable to experimental neuroscientists, toxicologists, and practitioners of human and animal medicine. It also provides an authoritative, critical and pithy reference work for public health specialists and those within the legal profession.

Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology

: Selective review and synthesis of the technical literature on copper and copper salts in the environment and their effects primarily on fishes, birds, mammals, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and other natural resources. The subtopics include copper sources and uses; chemical and biochemical properties; concentrations of copper in field collections of abiotic materials and living organisms; effects of copper deficiency; lethal and sublethal effects on terrestrial plants and invertebrates, aquzatic organisms, birds, and mammals, including effects on survival, growth, reproduction, behavior, metabolism, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity; proposed criteria for the protection of human health and sensitive natural resources; and recommendations for additional research.

Copper Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates : A Synoptic Review

Nitroaromatic compounds, including 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3, 5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5-tetrazocine (HMX), N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl), and associated byproducts and degradation products, were released to the environment during manufacturing and load, assembly, and pack (LAP) processes at U.S. Army Ammunition Plants (AAPs) and other military facilities. As a result of the release of these nitroaromatic compounds into the environment, many AAPs have been placed on the National Priorities List for Superfund cleanup (Fed. Reg. 60:20330). Many of these sites cover a wide expanse of relatively undisturbed land and provide diverse habitats that support a variety of aquatic and terrestrial species. Nitroaromatics are potentially toxic to the indigenous species at these sites and present a significant concern for site remediation. Table 1 presents an overview of ranges of detected concentrations of the nitroaromatic compounds in groundwater, surface water, sediment, and soil at military and manufacturing sites.

Nitroaromatic Munition Compounds: Environmental Effects and Screening Values

SUMMARY The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (the Panel) is asked to advise the Commission on the implications for human health of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States. In particular, the Scientific Panel is asked to evaluate six flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 16, Revision 1 (FGE.16Rev1), using the procedure as referred to in the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. These six flavouring substances belong to chemical group 21, Annex I of the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. The present Flavouring Group Evaluation deals with six aromatic ketones. None of the six flavouring substances can exist as geometrical or optical isomers. Five of the six flavouring substances are classified into structural class I and one is classified into structural class III. Four of the six flavouring substances in the present group have been reported to occur naturally in a wide range of food items. In its evaluation, the Panel as a default used the Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intake (MSDI) approach to estimate the per capita intakes of the flavouring substances in Europe. However, when the Panel examined the information provided by the European Flavouring Industry on the

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food

Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature.

The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential of 998 chemicals to one or more of 68 species of wild and domestic birds was determined by standardized testing procedures. Red winged blackbirds were the most sensitive of the bird species tested on a large number of chemicals, and an index based on redwing toxicity and repellency may provide an appropriate indication of the probability of acute avian poisoning episodes. Avian repellency and toxicity were not positively correlated (i.e. toxicity varied independently with repellency).

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The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds.

The acute oral toxicity of 369 pesticidal, pharmaceutical and other chemicals to wild birds.

Five individual bioassay repellency or toxicity variables were estimated or determined for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and house mice (Mus musculus) under laboratory conditions. ALD's (Approximate Lethal Doses) or LD50's of 230 chemicals to deer mice are presented, as are food reduction (FR) values (3-day feeding test as a 2.0% treatment rate) for white wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum) for 696 chemicals and Douglas fir seeds (Pseudotsuga menziesii) for 81 chemicals. A similar repellency evaluation (REP) using a 5-day test with white wheat seeds at a 2.0% treatment rate was conducted with house mice and the results for 347 chemicals are presented. These toxicity and repellency data should be useful to those desiring to predict the potential for acute toxicity in wild mammals following exposure to a wide variety of chemicals.

/pdf/acute-oral-toxicity-and-repellency-of-933-chemicals-to-house-46d1ixlzkx.pdf

Acute oral toxicity and repellency of 933 chemicals to house and deer mice.

Reduction of starling (Sturnus vulgaris) populations by the use of poisoned baits is frequently suggested, but an effective, nonhazardous toxicant has not been available. A recently discovered chemiical, DRC-1339 (3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride), meets many of the requirements; it is highly toxic to starlings (acute oral LD50o = 3.8 mg/kg), well accepted, relatively nontoxic to rats, and generally less toxic to most other birds. Hawks are particularly resistant and there appears to be little danger that these birds, or mammalian carnivores, would be killed by eating DRC-1339-poisoned starlings. The margin of safety is less for the game birds that were tested. DRC-1339 causes a slow, nonviolent death; uremic poisoning and congestion of major organs appear to be the principal causes. Starlings have become a serious agricultural problem in the United States since their introduction from Europe in 1890. In recent years they have caused considerable losses at livestock and poultry feedlots, particularly in the intermountain region of the West. Reductional control using poisoned bait is frequently proposed as a solution to the starling problem, but a suitable toxicant has been lacking. The Denver Wildlife Research Center has been searching for such a compound since 1961 and has tested more than 400 chemicals. These were solicited from chemical companies, selections usually based on indicated toxicities to other species of birds or structural similarity to compounds previously tested that showed promise as a starling toxicant. Chemicals with the following characteristics were sought: 1. High toxicity to starlings. 2. Low toxicity to mammals, thus minimizing the possibility of accidental poisoning to man or livestock other than poultry. 3. Little aversion by starlings to treated baits. 4. A slow, nonviolent death, which would eliminate bait avoidance caused by birds displaying symptoms or dying at the baiting site. 5. Minimum hazards to avian and mammalian predators that might eat poisoned birds. Of the chemicals tested, only one-3-' chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride, coded by us as DRC-1339--met these requirements. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the toxicological characteristics of DRC-1339 to starlings and other birds. We acknowledge the valuable contributions by co-workers at the Denver Wildlife Research Center, principally J. F. Besser 1 Thomas J. DeCino performed much of the research herein reported before his untimely death November 19, 1964. This paper was prepared by the junior authors.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3797809.pdf

Edward W. Schafer

Papers

The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds.

The acute oral toxicity of 369 pesticidal, pharmaceutical and other chemicals to wild birds.

Acute oral toxicity and repellency of 933 chemicals to house and deer mice.

Toxicity of DRC-1339 to Starlings

A summary of the acute toxicity of 4-aminopyridine to birds and mammals.