世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Economics and Information Theory

Corruption and Growth

Aims We conducted a systematic review of studies examining relationships between measures of beverage alcohol tax or price levels and alcohol sales or self-reported drinking. A total of 112 studies of alcohol tax or price effects were found, containing1003 estimates of the tax/price–consumption relationship. Design Studies included analyses of alternative outcome measures, varying subgroups of the population, several statistical models, and using different units of analysis. Multiple estimates were coded from each study, along with numerous study characteristics. Using reported estimates, standard errors, t-ratios, sample sizes and other statistics, we calculated the partial correlation for the relationship between alcohol price or tax and sales or drinking measures for each major model or subgroup reported within each study. Random-effects models were used to combine studies for inverse variance weighted overall estimates of the magnitude and significance of the relationship between alcohol tax/price and drinking. Findings Simple means of reported elasticities are -0.46 for beer, -0.69 for wine and -0.80 for spirits. Meta-analytical results document the highly significant relationships (P < 0.001) between alcohol tax or price measures and indices of sales or consumption of alcohol (aggregate-levelr =- 0.17 for beer, -0.30 for wine, -0.29 for spirits and -0.44 for total alcohol). Price/tax also affects heavy drinking significantly (mean reported elasticity =- 0.28, individual-level r =- 0.01, P < 0.01), but the magnitude of effect is smaller than effects on overall drinking. Conclusions A large literature establishes that beverage alcohol prices and taxes are related inversely to drinking. Effects are large compared to other prevention policies and programs. Public policies that raise prices of alcohol are an effective means to reduce

/pdf/effects-of-beverage-alcohol-price-and-tax-levels-on-drinking-4h7bkntsqs.pdf

Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/jors.1979.126.pdf

Forecasting Economic Time Series

This paper investigates the substitution/complementarity relationship among the demands for private transport, public transport and communication in the United Kingdom and Australia for the period 1960–1986. We use the Rotterdam Demand System for the analysis. The results identify major similarities and some important differences in consumption of these goods in the two countries. Further, they show that in both countries (a) private transport is a luxury and public transport is a necessity; (b) the demand for all three goods are price inelastic and (c) public transport, private transport and communications are pair-wise substitutes.

/pdf/the-demand-for-transport-and-communication-in-the-united-3wv0ir9efk.pdf

The demand for transport and communication in the United Kingdom and Australia

India's liberalization and deregulation policies during the early 1990s have attracted a huge amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) into India in recent years. India has been ranked as the second most favored FDI destination in the world, just behind China. Policy makers in many countries believe that FDI will lead their country's overall development, including the tourism sector. This article investigates the causal link between FDI and tourist arrivals in India by employing the Granger causality test under a VAR framework. A two-way causality link is found between FDI and tourist arrivals in India. This explains the rapid growth in the tourism sector as well as FDI in India during the last decade. Our two-way causality results in relation to India are similar to the findings of a number of small island developing states (SIDS).

/pdf/causality-between-foreign-direct-investment-and-tourism-207hzzewin.pdf

Causality between Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism: Empirical Evidence from India

A Cross-Country Alcohol Consumption Comparison: An application of the Rotterdam demand system

Alcohol Consumption in the U.K. 1955-1985: A system-wide analysis

During the 1970s and 1980s, the external debt levels of poor countries rose to a level constituting a ‘debt crisis.’ The main source of the supply of external debt was the surplus revenue generated by the OPEC through significant increases in the price of oil during the 1970s. Unfortunately, many of the countries failed to use the external debt wisely and prudently. When the revenue from oil sales started to decline due to low oil prices during the 1980s, heavily indebted countries experienced difficulty servicing the debt. This paper analyses the extent to which the external debt burden impacts on a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) using data from HIPC over the period 1970-2007. The findings of empirical analysis suggest that, in the short-run as well as in the long-run, a reduction in debt stock would have significantly increased the growth performance of the indebted nations.

Eliyathamby A. Selvanathan

Papers

The demand for transport and communication in the United Kingdom and Australia

Causality between Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism: Empirical Evidence from India

A Cross-Country Alcohol Consumption Comparison: An application of the Rotterdam demand system

Alcohol Consumption in the U.K. 1955-1985: A system-wide analysis

The Impact Of External Debt On Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From Highly Indebted Poor Countries