世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Economics and Information Theory

Corruption and Growth

Aims We conducted a systematic review of studies examining relationships between measures of beverage alcohol tax or price levels and alcohol sales or self-reported drinking. A total of 112 studies of alcohol tax or price effects were found, containing1003 estimates of the tax/price–consumption relationship. Design Studies included analyses of alternative outcome measures, varying subgroups of the population, several statistical models, and using different units of analysis. Multiple estimates were coded from each study, along with numerous study characteristics. Using reported estimates, standard errors, t-ratios, sample sizes and other statistics, we calculated the partial correlation for the relationship between alcohol price or tax and sales or drinking measures for each major model or subgroup reported within each study. Random-effects models were used to combine studies for inverse variance weighted overall estimates of the magnitude and significance of the relationship between alcohol tax/price and drinking. Findings Simple means of reported elasticities are -0.46 for beer, -0.69 for wine and -0.80 for spirits. Meta-analytical results document the highly significant relationships (P < 0.001) between alcohol tax or price measures and indices of sales or consumption of alcohol (aggregate-levelr =- 0.17 for beer, -0.30 for wine, -0.29 for spirits and -0.44 for total alcohol). Price/tax also affects heavy drinking significantly (mean reported elasticity =- 0.28, individual-level r =- 0.01, P < 0.01), but the magnitude of effect is smaller than effects on overall drinking. Conclusions A large literature establishes that beverage alcohol prices and taxes are related inversely to drinking. Effects are large compared to other prevention policies and programs. Public policies that raise prices of alcohol are an effective means to reduce

/pdf/effects-of-beverage-alcohol-price-and-tax-levels-on-drinking-4h7bkntsqs.pdf

Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/jors.1979.126.pdf

Forecasting Economic Time Series

Structural transformation, urbanization, and remittances in developing countries: A panel VAR analysis

In 1977, Stigler and Becker hypothesised that ‘tastes neither change capriciously nor differ importantly between people’. In an interregional context, this implies that irrespective of differences in income and geography, consumers in different regions are similar. Studies conducted 25 years ago using data for Australian states found support for this hypothesis. However, due to the changing ethnic composition of the population in the states of Australia, differences in consumption patterns between states are emerging. Using recent regional consumption data and demand models, we investigate in this study whether there are regional disparities across the six Australian states, and find that there are in fact differences.

Modelling Regional Consumption Patterns in Australia

In Chapter 3 we introduced the stochastic approach and derived Laspeyres, Paasche and Theil-Tornqvist index numbers and their sampling variances. In this chapter we use the stochastic approach to obtain estimators for the rate of inflation and their sampling variances. As in Chapter 3, we consider the proportionate change in each individual price to be equal to the underlying rate of inflation plus other components which are random and nonrandom. Thus under the stochastic approach the rate of inflation can be estimated by taking some form of the average of all price changes.

Measurement Of Inflation

ried over to the conditional case with n replaced by ng, where ng is the number of goods in a group Sg. In this note, I present an application.of the extensions to the alcoholic-beverages group (consisting of beer, wine, and spirits) using data for the United Kingdom. I also apply simulation techniques to evaluate the performance of the estimators and their asymptotic standard errors (ASE's). The results show that the estimators are unbiased, but the ASE's understate the true sampling variability of the estimates. I also find that the bootstrap standard errors can be used as alternate standard errors for the estimators.

A Note on the Stochastic Approach to

The demand for meat is on the rise in Bangladesh because of income and population growth together with increasing urbanisation in the country. This paper models the demand for the three types of meat in Bangladesh, chicken, beef and mutton, using data for the period 2000–2017. The results show that meat, as a group, is a necessity for Bangladesh consumers and demand for meat is price inelastic. Chicken is found to be a luxury consumption item and price elastic. The cross-price elasticity indicated that chicken and beef are complements, while chicken and mutton are substitutes. Our elasticity estimates also revealed that beef is a necessity and is price inelastic while mutton is an inferior meat type and is price inelastic in Bangladesh. This study provides new insights into the meat consumption patterns in Bangladesh, particularly when the country is experiencing a considerable growth in incomes.

Eliyathamby A. Selvanathan

Papers

Structural transformation, urbanization, and remittances in developing countries: A panel VAR analysis

Modelling Regional Consumption Patterns in Australia

Measurement Of Inflation

A Note on the Stochastic Approach to

Modelling the Demand for Meat in Bangladesh