Factors affecting mushroom Pleurotus spp.

ion between fibre lignin and laccase in qualitative difference in temporal phases than laccase does alone. Resulting distinguished lignin modifications may have consequences for subsequent fibre behaviour (Barsberg 2002). Lund & Felby (2001) applied a range of mediators in laccase-modification of spruce and pine fibres and found ABTS and PPT (phenothiazine-10-propionic acid) to be effective in enhancing wet tensile strength of paper handsheets made from the pulp. Similar results were obtained with ABTS by Elegir et al. (2005, 2007). Treatment of fibres with laccase and gallic acid were also reported to change wet tensile strength (Chandra et al. 2004b), indicating that laccase-mediator system can influence properties of the fibre surfaces. Various mediators are therefore currently tested in MDF production with laccase in order to achieve higher reactivity between laccase and lignin and better board properties (Müller et al. 2006). The unfortunately limited availability of cheap and non-toxic mediators is of course a restricting factor in such approaches (Rochefort et al. 2004, Morozova et al. 2007). So far, in laccase-mediated bleaching of lignocellulosic fibres 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and the lignin-derived phenols acetosyringone and syringaldehyde acid have been positively tested as mediators whereas negligible effects were seen with p-coumaric acid (Ibarra et al. 2006, Camamero et al. 2007, Gutiérrez et al. 2007). Oppositional ABTS-mediated depolymerisation and polymerisation effects on kraft lignin samples (González Arzola et al. 2006, Hernández Fernaud et al. 2006) imply that the doses and times of mediators and enzymes applied have to be expected to play an important role in activating of fibre material. In line with this, dosages of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were most influential in laccase-mediated modification of paper pulp (Chandra et al. 2004a). Further to applications of mediators to improve mechanical properties by laccase action, recent studies suggest that a successive xylanase and laccase treatment with or without mediators might also be useful in efficiently modifying fibre surfaces at least in paper production. As the gallic acid mediator treatment, successive xylanase-laccase treatment has been reported to increase the wet tensile strength of paper (Chandra & Raugaskas 2005, Kapoor et al. 2007). 2-component adhesives based on lignin and enzymes In the wood composite industry, addition of lignosulphonates (spent sulphite liquor) or kraft lignins from sulphate pulping, to conventional PF resins is targeted at replacing parts of the phenol component made from petrochemicals (e.g. see Roffael & Rauch 1971, Shen 1974, Nimz 1983, Ayla & Nimz 1984, Danielson & Simonson 1998a,b, Tejado et al. 2007; further reading in Chapter 16 of this book). Formaldehyde from the PF resin may act in such mixtures as a cross-linker between the reactive sites of the technical lignins and the synthetic phenol binder (Kuo et al. 1991, Vázquez et al. 1999, El Mansouri & Salvadó 2006, 2007). As first

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Wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts

Antiinflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic actions of β-glucan-rich extract from Geastrum saccatum mushroom

Mushroom cultivation as a prominent biotechnological process for the valorization of agro-industrial residues generated as a result of agro-forestry and agro-industrial production. A huge amount of lignocellulosic agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products are annually generated, rich in organiccompounds that are worthy of being recovered and transformed. A number of these residues have been employed as feedstocks in solid state fermentation (SSF) processes using higher basidiomycetus fungi for the production of mushroom food, animal feed, enzymes and medicinal compounds. Likewise, the above-mentioned microorganisms have been successfully employed in processes related with the bioremediation of hazardous compounds and waste detoxification. Mushroom cultivation presents a worldwide expanded and economically important biotechnological industry that uses efficient solid-state-fermentation process of food protein recovery from lignocellulosic materials. Several aspects of mushroom physiology along with impacts of different environmental and nutritional conditions on mycelium growth and fruiting bodies production are highlined. Moreover, cultivation technologies of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus spp and Lentinula edodes, comprising spawn (inoculum) production, substrate preparation and mushroom growing process i.e. inoculation, substrate colonization by the cultivated fungus, fruiting, harvesting and processing of the fruiting bodies, are outlined. Finally, the efficiency of residues conversion into fruiting bodies are outlined in two medicinal mushroom genera, Pleurotus and Lentinula, widely cultivated for their nutritional value and extensively researched for their biodegradation capabilities. Experimental data concerning residue-substrates used, as well as biological efficiencies obtained during their cultivation were considered and discussed.

Production of Mushrooms Using Agro-Industrial Residues as Substrates

Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers. Adulteration of foods is often reported and represent an important potential threat to food safety. Because of this, reduction of the vulnerability of foods to adulteration is of high priority to Brazil. This study analyzes economically motivated food fraud and adulterations in Brazil between 2007 and 2017, based on academic journal reports. In addition, alternatives are proposed to minimize these incidents through good practices, traceability systems and the development of methods to detect food fraud and adulteration. Complex supply chains for foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products, were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Other products prone to fraudulent activities were vegetable oils, especially olive oil, which are high value products. Meat and fish, as well as their respective by‐products, were also involved in some food fraud and adulteration, especially substitution. Cases of extraneous ingredient addition were also reported in the coffee and tea sectors. Comprehensive food fraud and adulteration prevention requires the enforcement of regulatory systems, increased sampling and monitoring, training of food producers and handlers, and development of precise, rapid, and cost‐effective methods of fraud detection. The availability of robust methods to identify the chemical constituents of foods could be a decisive step, both to detect and prevent fraud in producer countries and to open up new markets to these products. The results of this study can be used to analyze food safety risks and prioritize target areas for food research and policy‐making in order to enforce food safety regulations in Brazil. A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1750-3841.14279

Economically Motivated Food Fraud and Adulteration in Brazil: Incidents and Alternatives to Minimize Occurrence

Temperature is one of the main factors affecting mushrooms development and introduction in new areas. Effects of temperature (15oC and 28oC) and luminosity (120 and 900 lux) were evaluated for eight P. ostreatus strains in relation to precocity, yield, pileus area, stalk formation pattern, coloration and handling resistance. Genetic variability of strains was analysed by the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. The Pos 98/37 strain was the only to yield white pileus at 28oC - 900 lux, and grey ones at 15oC and 120 lux. The Pos 96/05 strain, the latest, produced lead-coloured pileus at 15oC, as did the remaining strains at this temperature. Strains cultivated at 15oC did not differ in relation to handling resistance. At 28oC mushrooms were less resistant. In relation to yield, the Pos 98/38 strain was significantly more efficient. The Pos 98/37 strain, at 28oC, as compared to the same strain at 15oC, was more efficient and had an asymmetric stalk formation pattern. Among strains cultivated at 15oC, the stalk formation pattern was symmetric, except for the Pos 97/15 and Pos 97/17 strains. Molecular characterization of the Pos 98/37 strain was 30% similar to the remaining strains. The temperature of fructification and luminosity influence the induction and development of the isolates.

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Morphomolecular characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) kummer strains in relation to luminosity and temperature of frutification

Brazilian reports on Shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler] productivity grown on Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) logs are optimistic. The current production on this kind of wood is, however, low and variable. Aiming at increasing Shiitake mushroom productivity, the present work studied interactions among three concentrations of mineral supplement and three Shiitake strains (Le 95/01, 96/17 and 96/18) grown on seventh cut eucalyptus logs. Mineral fertilization was carried out when the logs were submerged in water to induce fruiting bodies, using the following saline concentrations: zero (no fertilizers added), 0.05% (equivalent to 0.35 g L-1 of ammonium sulfate with 18% nitrogen and 0.15 g L-1 of superphosphate with 34% phosphorus) and 0.50%. Fertilization of the Le 95/01 strain increased productivity, but logs inoculated with the Le 96/17 strain were more productive only at 0.05% concentration while in the Le 96/18 strain, mineral supplementation decreased in productivity. The radial growth of these Shiitake strains (in sawdust-agar medium and with the same saline concentrations used in the log experiment) showed that all strains reacted positively to fertilization and that positive results for the Le 95/01 strain and negative results for Le 96/18 on eucalyptus logs are due to the natural higher competitiveness of the first Le 95/01 in relation to the latter Le 96/18 strain. Mineral fertilization increases the productivity provided that the logs are well colonized by Shiitake mushrooms.

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Mineral supplementation and productivity of the Shiitake mushroom on eucalyptus logs

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi mensurar o °Brix, acidez titulavel (AT) e ratio em sucos concentrados, sucos, nectares e refrigerantes de laranja comerciais e compara-los com os seus Padroes de Identidade e Qualidade (PIQ) publicados pelo Ministerio da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento (MAPA) e Codex Alimentarius. Quatro sucos concentrados, vinte e dois sucos, sete nectares e treze refrigerantes foram analisados. A densidade das bebidas foi mensurada em densimetro digital e convertida para °Brix, utilizando uma tabela que relaciona estas variaveis. A AT foi calculada conforme as Normas Analiticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. O ratio foi obtido pela razao entre °Brix e AT. Todos os sucos concentrados estavam em acordo com o Codex Alimentarius. A grande maioria dos sucos e refrigerantes comerciais respeita a legislacao brasileira. Os nectares de laranja nao puderam ser comparados com padroes legais, pois estes sao inexistentes tanto no MAPA quanto no Codex Alimentarius

Análise fisico-química e legalidade em bebidas de laranja

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi mensurar o °Brix, acidez titulavel (AT) e ratio em sucos concentrados, sucos, nectares e refrigerantes de laranja comerciais e compara-los com os seus Padroes de Identidade e Qualidade (PIQ) publicados pelo Ministerio da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento (MAPA) e Codex Alimentarius. Quatro sucos concentrados, vinte e dois sucos, sete nectares e treze refrigerantes foram analisados. A densidade das bebidas foi mensurada em densimetro digital e convertida para °Brix, utilizando uma tabela que relaciona estas variaveis. A AT foi calculada conforme as Normas Analiticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. O ratio foi obtido pela razao entre °Brix e AT. Todos os sucos concentrados estavam em acordo com o Codex Alimentarius. A grande maioria dos sucos e refrigerantes comerciais respeita a legislacao brasileira. Os nectares de laranja nao puderam ser comparados com padroes legais, pois estes sao inexistentes tanto no MAPA quanto no Codex Alimentarius.

Análise físico-química e legalidade em bebidas de laranja Physical-chemical analysis and legality in orange beverages

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de quantificar a proporcao de carbono de fonte C3 (suco de laranja) e carbono C4 (acucar de cana) em bebidas comerciais a base de laranja. Foram analisadas isotopicamente 33 diferentes marcas comerciais de bebidas de laranja. A composicao isotopica do carbono (δ13C) foi determinada por espectrometria de massa de razao isotopica (IRMS). As equacoes empregadas para quantificar a proporcao da fonte C3 e C4 de carbono nas bebidas apresentam fatores de correcoes baseados na concentracao de acucares redutores totais em relacao aos solidos soluveis. Os solidos insoluveis (polpa) foram usados como padrao isotopico interno do suco de laranja empregado na formulacao da bebida comercial, o que permitiu a quantificacao de fonte C3 nessas bebidas. As analises isotopicas das bebidas comerciais mostraram quatro adulteracoes, sendo uma amostra de suco de laranja integral, uma amostra de suco concentrado, duas amostras de suco adocado de laranja. Para amostras com ausencia de polpa na sua constituicao, adotou-se como padrao de fonte C3 o valor isotopico de δ13C -26,19‰, proveniente da compilacao de um banco de dados de 31 amostras de sucos puros de laranja provenientes de 12 regioes produtoras do Estado de Sao Paulo. Nas bebidas denominadas repositores energeticos, bebida mista e "frutas citricas", o valor isotopico de 13C foi similar ao acucar de cana (δ13C -12,48‰), indicando pouco suco de fruta em sua formulacao.

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Elvio Cardoso Queiroz

Papers

Morphomolecular characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) kummer strains in relation to luminosity and temperature of frutification

Mineral supplementation and productivity of the Shiitake mushroom on eucalyptus logs

Análise fisico-química e legalidade em bebidas de laranja

Análise físico-química e legalidade em bebidas de laranja Physical-chemical analysis and legality in orange beverages

Determinação da razão isotópica delta13C em bebidas comerciais a base de laranja