*This article is free to read on the publisher's website*

BACKGROUND:
Over the past 10 years, the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has gained attention and has become a translational research success story. Some of the current nanotechnologies have been demonstrated to have the analytical sensitivity required for the use of saliva as a diagnostic medium to detect and predict disease progression. However, these technologies have not yet been integrated into current clinical practice and work flow.

CONTENT:
As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers advantages over serum because it can be collected noninvasively by individuals with modest training, and it offers a cost-effective approach for the screening of large populations. Gland-specific saliva can also be used for diagnosis of pathology specific to one of the major salivary glands. There is minimal risk of contracting infections during saliva collection, and saliva can be used in clinically challenging situations, such as obtaining samples from children or handicapped or anxious patients, in whom blood sampling could be a difficult act to perform. In this review we highlight the production of and secretion of saliva, the salivary proteome, transportation of biomolecules from blood capillaries to salivary glands, and the diagnostic potential of saliva for use in detection of cardiovascular disease and oral and breast cancers. We also highlight the barriers to application of saliva testing and its advancement in clinical settings.

SUMMARY:
Saliva has the potential to become a first-line diagnostic sample of choice owing to the advancements in detection technologies coupled with combinations of biomolecules with clinical relevance. (C) 2011 American Association for Clinical Chemistry

Diagnostic potential of saliva : current state and future applications

Since the intriguing and inspiring discovery of graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS) in 2010, graphene and graphene-based substrates have attracted significant attention in both theoretical research and application exploration of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); this makes graphene-involved SERS a burgeoning area in many scientific branches. The introduction of graphene not only overcomes some intrinsic drawbacks of SERS, but also has a great synergistic effect with traditional noble metal nanoparticle enhancement substrates and thus greatly improves the sensing performance of SERS and largely expands its application area. To better learn about the recent progress in graphene-based SERS substrates and shed light on future research, an overview of graphene and graphene-based SERS substrates is presented herein. In this review, the role played by graphene in graphene-based SERS substrates is first summarized, and then, the classification and preparation methods of graphene-based substrates are presented, which are helpful for understanding the structure–property relationship. Furthermore, the SERS applications of graphene-based substrates in biomedical areas, including biomolecule detection, bio-imaging, cancer diagnosis and therapy and drug delivery, are highlighted. Other applications in hot-topic areas such as food safety and environmental monitoring are also briefly discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives on the deficiencies, future development and achievements are presented.

Recent progress on graphene-based substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications

Recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS) analyses have seen a concerted effort to reduce the complexity of analytical workflows through the simplification (or removal) of sample preparation and the shortening of run‐to‐run analysis times. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) is an exemplar MS‐based technology that has swiftly developed into a popular and powerful tool in analytical science. This increase in interest and demonstrable applications is down to its capacity to enable the rapid analysis of a diverse range of samples, typically in their native state or following a minimalistic sample preparation approach. The field of AIMS is constantly improving and expanding, with developments of powerful and novel techniques, improvements to existing instrumentation, and exciting new applications added with each year that passes. This annual review provides an overview of applications of AIMS techniques over the past year (2020), with a particular focus on the application of AIMS in a number of key fields of research including biomedical sciences, forensics and security, food sciences, the environment, and chemical synthesis. Novel ambient ionization techniques are introduced, including picolitre pressure‐probe electrospray ionization and fiber spray ionization, in addition to modifications and improvements to existing techniques such as hand‐held devices for ease of use, and USB‐powered ion sources for on‐site analysis. In all, the information provided in this review supports the view that AIMS has become a leading approach in MS‐based analyses and that improvements to existing methods, alongside the development of novel approaches, will continue across the foreseeable future.

Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2020: An annual review

Analysis of intact proteins by native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for obtaining insight into subunit diversity, post-translational modifications, stoichiometry, structural arrangement, stability, and overall architecture. Typically, such an analysis is performed following protein purification procedures, which are time consuming, costly, and labor intensive. As this technology continues to move forward, advances in sample handling and instrumentation have enabled the investigation of intact proteins in situ and in crude samples, offering rapid analysis and improved conservation of the biological context. This emerging field, which involves various ion source platforms such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) for both spatial imaging and solution-based analysis, is expected to impact many scientific fields, including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and clinical sciences. In this Perspective, we discuss the information that can be retrieved by such experiments as well as the current advantages and technical challenges associated with the different sampling strategies. Furthermore, we present future directions of these MS-based methods, including current limitations and efforts that should be made to make these approaches more accessible. Considering the vast progress we have witnessed in recent years, we anticipate that the advent of further innovations enabling minimal handling of MS samples will make this field more robust, user friendly, and widespread.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Intact Proteins from Crude Samples.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTInnovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic ApplicationAlexis WeberAlexis WeberDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesSupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United StatesMore by Alexis WeberView Biography, Bailey HoplightBailey HoplightDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesMore by Bailey HoplightView Biography, Rhilynn OgilvieRhilynn OgilvieDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesMore by Rhilynn OgilvieView Biography, Claire MuroClaire MuroNew York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, Building #30, Campus Access Rd., Albany, New York 12203, United StatesMore by Claire MuroView Biography, Shelby R. KhandasammyShelby R. KhandasammyDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesMore by Shelby R. KhandasammyView Biography, Luis Pérez-AlmodóvarLuis Pérez-AlmodóvarDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesMore by Luis Pérez-AlmodóvarView Biography, Samuel SearsSamuel SearsDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesMore by Samuel SearsView Biography, and Igor K. Lednev*Igor K. LednevDepartment of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United StatesSupreMEtric LLC, 7 University Pl. B210, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States*E-mail: [email protected]More by Igor K. LednevView Biographyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-531XCite this: Anal. Chem. 2023, 95, 1, 167–205Publication Date (Web):January 10, 2023Publication History Published online10 January 2023Published inissue 10 January 2023https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05094Copyright © 2023 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views485Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (7 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Anatomy,Fibers,Infrared spectroscopy,Mathematical methods,Raman spectroscopy Get e-Alerts 

Innovative Vibrational Spectroscopy Research for Forensic Application.

The use of Raman spectroscopy combined with saliva is an exciting emerging spectroscopy-biofluid combination. In this review, we summarize current methods employed in such studies, in particular th...

Methods in Raman spectroscopy for saliva studies – a review

Yeasts constitute an oft-neglected class of pathogens among which the resistance to first-line treatments, attributed in part to mutations in efflux pumps, is rapidly emerging. Their thick, chitin-reinforced cell walls render cell lysis difficult, complicating their analysis and identification by methods routinely used for bacteria, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) has previously been applied to the analysis of intact proteins from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial colonies sampled directly on solid nutrient media. To date, a similar analysis of yeast colonies has not proved possible. Here we demonstrate the rapid release of intact yeast proteins for LESA-MS by electroporation using a home-built high-voltage device designed to lyse cells grown in colonies on agar media. Detection and identification of previously inaccessible proteins from baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as two clinically relevant yeast species (Candida glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans), is shown. The electroporation approach also has the potential to be translated to other mass spectrometric analysis techniques, including MALDI and various ambient ionization methods.

/pdf/electroporation-and-mass-spectrometry-a-new-paradigm-for-in-43ud4b7iuc.pdf

Electroporation and Mass Spectrometry: A New Paradigm for In Situ Analysis of Intact Proteins Direct from Living Yeast Colonies.

Spectroscopic molecular-fingerprint profiling of saliva.

The study of salivary manifestation of various health disorders via Raman spectroscopy, as a noninvasive molecular sensing technique to analyze molecular signatures in the saliva projections of health, is an emerging field of investigation of combined spectroscopy-biofluidics for early-diagnostics and monitoring, enabling structural and chemical biomarkers to be monitored overtime to predict prognosis for translation to real-world sensing applications. Here, we review the potential uses in healthcare, illicit drug detection, forensics and dental/orthodontic uses, and expound the specific challenges related to the detection of certain classes of biomolecules or smaller compounds. We highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles, a salivary constituent and its potential as an emerging vehicle for medical applications. Furthermore, portable devices for Raman-saliva based detection are discussed with a specific attention on the associated microfluidic advances for miniaturization and integration of such technologies and multimodal systems are examined. Given the low concentrations of target analytes and thus, the high analytical sensitivity required, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) methods are noted across the different application areas and for development of portable devices. 

Emerging Raman spectroscopy and saliva-based diagnostics: from challenges to applications

Su1763 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF SALIVA COMBINED WITH AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK ALGORITHM COULD DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE

Emma Buchan

Papers

Methods in Raman spectroscopy for saliva studies – a review

Electroporation and Mass Spectrometry: A New Paradigm for In Situ Analysis of Intact Proteins Direct from Living Yeast Colonies.

Spectroscopic molecular-fingerprint profiling of saliva.

Emerging Raman spectroscopy and saliva-based diagnostics: from challenges to applications

Su1763 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF SALIVA COMBINED WITH AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK ALGORITHM COULD DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE