THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY: The Biochemical Behavior of LeadL I. Influence of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D on Lead in Blood and Bone

Clinica Chimica Acta

This review presents an overview on the application of latent fingerprint development techniques in forensic sciences. At present, traditional developing methods such as powder dusting, cyanoacrylate fuming, chemical method, and small particle reagent method, have all been gradually compromised given their emerging drawbacks such as low contrast, sensitivity, and selectivity, as well as high toxicity. Recently, much attention has been paid to the use of fluorescent nanomaterials including quantum dots (QDs) and rare earth upconversion fluorescent nanomaterials (UCNMs) due to their unique optical and chemical properties. Thus, this review lays emphasis on latent fingerprint development based on QDs and UCNMs. Compared to latent fingerprint development by traditional methods, the new methods using fluorescent nanomaterials can achieve high contrast, sensitivity, and selectivity while showing reduced toxicity. Overall, this review provides a systematic overview on such methods.

Fluorescent Nanomaterials for the Development of Latent Fingerprints in Forensic Sciences

The mechanisms of the formation of brownish-red pigments having a 2-methyl-4-carbomethoxy-2-pyrindine nucleus as a basic skeleton by reaction of genipin with methylamine under an atmosphere of inert gas are discussed based on the isolation of 5, 6-dihydro-2-methyl-4-carbomethoxy-8-hydroxymethyl-2-pyrindine as a precursor and on comparisons of the results obtained from the reactions of genipin congeners and methylamine. The origin of the extra methyl group at C-6 in the structures of some of the brownish-red pigments was clarified to be the carbon atom of the hydroxymethyl group at C-8 of genipin by using deuterium-labelled genipin.

Studies on the Blue Pigments Produced from Genipin and Methylamine. : II. On the formation Mechanisms of brownish-red intermediates leading to the blue pigment formation.

An immunoassay based technique is used for the detection of psychoactive substances in the sweat deposited within fingermarks of a narcotic drug user. Magnetic particles functionalized with antimorphine and antibenzoylecgonine antibodies were used for the detection of a metabolite of heroin (morphine) and a metabolite of cocaine (benzoylecgonine), respectively. The drug metabolites were detected individually as well as simultaneously from a single fingermark. The images of the fingermarks obtained using brightfield and fluorescence microscopy were of high evidential quality with resolution to enable identification of an individual in addition to providing information on drug usage.

Multiplexed detection of metabolites of narcotic drugs from a single latent fingermark.

The detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces using amino acid sensitive reagents: a review.

A new method for the detection of latent fingermarks on thermal paper by dry contact with 1,2-indanedione, which reacts with the amino acids present to give coloured, photoluminescent prints is described. The simple and reliable method is based on contact between the thermal paper sample and reagent impregnated treatment papers. Different treatment paper reagent formulations and treatment times were investigated. The conditions which provided the best performance used treatment papers prepared from an acid-free fluorous solution containing 1,2-indanedione and zinc chloride, with a contact time of 48 h. The dry contact approach was compared to current methods used by law enforcement agencies within Australia and was found to give similar or better performance.

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Detection of latent fingermarks on thermal printer paper by dry contact with 1,2-indanedione

Amino acid variability in sweat may affect the ability of amino acid-sensitive fingermark reagents to successfully develop all latent fingermarks within a large population. There has been some speculation that age, gender, or prior activity may be the cause for differences in the amino acid profile within a population. Latent fingermarks from 120 donors were collected and treated with 1,2-indanedione-zinc chloride. Grades were given to treated samples based upon their initial color and resultant luminescent properties. Degradation of developed prints over three years was also assessed by regrading all samples and comparing the results to the initial grade. Statistical analyses, such as the Mann-Whitney U test, revealed that there was a correlation between the grade and the age of the developed print, age of the donor, and the washing of hands. However, no link was found between the food consumption or gender of the donor and the grade.

Emma L. T. Patton

Papers

The detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces using amino acid sensitive reagents: a review.

Detection of latent fingermarks on thermal printer paper by dry contact with 1,2-indanedione

Variability in visualization of latent fingermarks developed with 1,2-indanedione–zinc chloride