Chemical modification of silica surface by immobilization of functional groups for extractive concentration of metal ions.

Chemically modified silica gel with aminothioamidoanthraquinone for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cd(II).

Mesoporous silica functionalized with 2-mercaptopyridine: Synthesis, characterization and employment for Hg(II) adsorption

Atomic spectrometric methods for the determination of metals and metalloids in automotive fuels--a review.

A mesoporous silica (SBA-15) has been chemically modified with 2-mercaptopyrimidine using the homogeneous route. This synthetic route involved the reaction of 2-mercaptopyrimidine with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane prior to immobilization on the support. The resulting material has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, nitrogen gas sorption, FT-IR and MAS NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and elemental analysis. The solid was employed as a Cd(II) adsorbent from aqueous solutions at room temperature. The effects of several variables (stirring time, pH, metal concentration and presence of other ions in the medium) have been studied using the batch technique. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the Cd(II) concentration in the filtrate after the adsorption process. The results indicate that under the optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption value for Cd(II) was 0.99 ± 0.03 mmol Cd(II) g−1, whereas the adsorption capacity of the unmodified mesoporous silica was only 0.04 ± 0.02 mmol Cd(II) g−1. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that it is possible to modify chemically SBA-15 with 2-mercaptopyrimidine and to use the resulting modified mesoporous silica as an effective adsorbent for Cd(II) in aqueous media.

Adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous media onto a mesoporous silica chemically modified with 2-mercaptopyrimidine

Sorption and preconcentration of metal ions in ethanol solution with a silica gel surface chemically modified with benzimidazole.

Modelling, design and kinetics of novel Fred-Ugi environmental wastes converter reactor plant for crude oil distillates, minerals and petrochemical synthesis

This study considers a vertical well producing initially without sand control technique in sandstone reservoir in the Niger Delta region. The study uses the data and information of two wells and applied PROSPER to numerically quantify the impact of the extra flow restriction caused by the gravel pack and slotted liner systems respectively. Well model was constructed and several simulations runs performed on key influencing production parameters (production rates, superficial velocities, skin development, pressure losses) and sand control design variables (gravel pack length, gravel pack permeability, slot height and slot width). The study involved two different sand control for two wells (Well X1 and Well X2) which were similarly completed and subjected to the same reservoir and operational conditions. The influence of sand control parameters on the vertical lift performance and inflow performance characteristics of the wells were analyzed at varying first node pressure (500psig – 1400psig). The solution node was set at bottom hole to enable proper diagnosis of the influence of the sand control options on the VLP/IPR relationships. At base case scenario, the gravel pack oil and gas production rates were 8010.0STB/day (ORAT) and 6.008MSCF/day (GRAT) at a flowing bottomhole pressure of 4231.38Psig while the slotted liner was 8010.0STB/day (ORAT) and 6.008MSCF/day (GRAT) at a flowing bottomhole pressure of 4231.38Psig at a flowing bottomhole pressure of 4231.38Psig of 3902.46Psig. The resulting skin due to sand control were 0.0070375 and 0.18 respectively. Result shows that Slotted Liners provides better sand control than gravel packs but causes more pressure drop in the system due to sand control method. Furthermore, Gravel pack permeability and length and slot dimensions have most remarkable influence on the pressure drop due to sand control and can play a crucial role in the choice and design of any gravel pack system and slotted liners respectively. It’s advisable or better that Gravel pack permeability should not exceed 500000md for optimal performance as a sand control device. The work recommends the use of higher slot width to slot height for more efficient production using slotted liners while smaller gravel permeability could be preferred for better sand control with gravel pack systems.

https://www.journaljerr.com/index.php/JERR/article/download/17523/32611

Numerical Assessment of the Impact of Sand Control Techniques on Production in a Vertical Well


 In recent times, the major interest of offshore production companies is in the development of cost control strategies that can be employed to alleviate the major challenges limiting offshore production efficiency. A well designed cost control strategy for an offshore production system helps in the reduction of monetary leakages and losses; it ensures effective utilization of materials, labour resources and other inputs in the production cycle. Due to the challenges plaguing the petroleum industry, there has been significant interest in the development of critical and effective measures that would improve cost control and efficiency in the upstream exploration and production onshore and offshore. This study was focused on cost optimization of petroleum production phase of the field development project. In this study, the main cost performance issues associated with offshore production operations were identified and analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods to derive optimal scenarios. The main production cost components as derived from this study are the labour cost, equipment cost, maintenance cost, and logistics costs. A sensitivity analysis showed that the production cost is more sensitive to equipment and maintenance costs and less sensitive to logistics and labour costs. From the analysis, avoidance of equipment breakdown through well planned preventive maintenance ranked as the most effective method for offshore cost control strategy with a mean rank of 4.80 and standard deviation of 0.50. Based on the findings of the analysis, an offshore cost control strategy was designed and was subdivided into operational and management segments levels.

Emmanuel O. Ehirim

Papers

Sorption and preconcentration of metal ions in ethanol solution with a silica gel surface chemically modified with benzimidazole.

Modelling, design and kinetics of novel Fred-Ugi environmental wastes converter reactor plant for crude oil distillates, minerals and petrochemical synthesis

Numerical Assessment of the Impact of Sand Control Techniques on Production in a Vertical Well

Cost Control in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations