There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

The author's preface gives an outline: "This book is about weakconvergence methods in metric spaces, with applications sufficient to show their power and utility. The Introduction motivates the definitions and indicates how the theory will yield solutions to problems arising outside it. Chapter 1 sets out the basic general theorems, which are then specialized in Chapter 2 to the space C[0, l ] of continuous functions on the unit interval and in Chapter 3 to the space D [0, 1 ] of functions with discontinuities of the first kind. The results of the first three chapters are used in Chapter 4 to derive a variety of limit theorems for dependent sequences of random variables. " The book develops and expands on Donsker's 1951 and 1952 papers on the invariance principle and empirical distributions. The basic random variables remain real-valued although, of course, measures on C[0, l ] and D[0, l ] are vitally used. Within this framework, there are various possibilities for a different and apparently better treatment of the material. More of the general theory of weak convergence of probabilities on separable metric spaces would be useful. Metrizability of the convergence is not brought up until late in the Appendix. The close relation of the Prokhorov metric and a metric for convergence in probability is (hence) not mentioned (see V. Strassen, Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965), 423-439; the reviewer, ibid. 39 (1968), 1563-1572). This relation would illuminate and organize such results as Theorems 4.1, 4.2 and 4.4 which give isolated, ad hoc connections between weak convergence of measures and nearness in probability. In the middle of p. 16, it should be noted that C*(S) consists of signed measures which need only be finitely additive if 5 is not compact. On p. 239, where the author twice speaks of separable subsets having nonmeasurable cardinal, he means "discrete" rather than "separable." Theorem 1.4 is Ulam's theorem that a Borel probability on a complete separable metric space is tight. Theorem 1 of Appendix 3 weakens completeness to topological completeness. After mentioning that probabilities on the rationals are tight, the author says it is an

Convergence of probability measures

关于Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations的两个注解

Differential-Difference Equations. By Richard Bellman and Kenneth L. Cooke. Pp. xvi, 465. 1963. (Academic Press)

We consider the class of nonlinear optimal control problems (OCPs) with polynomial data, i.e., the differential equation, state and control constraints, and cost are all described by polynomials, and more generally for OCPs with smooth data. In addition, state constraints as well as state and/or action constraints are allowed. We provide a simple hierarchy of LMI- (linear matrix inequality)-relaxations whose optimal values form a nondecreasing sequence of lower bounds on the optimal value. Under some convexity assumptions, the sequence converges to the optimal value of the OCP. Preliminary results show that good approximations are obtained with few moments.

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Nonlinear Optimal Control via Occupation Measures and LMI-Relaxations

This article surveys the usual techniques of nonlinear optimal control such as the Pontryagin Maximum Principle and the conjugate point theory, and how they can be implemented numerically, with a special focus on applications to aerospace problems. In practice the knowledge resulting from the maximum principle is often insufficient for solving the problem, in particular because of the well-known problem of initializing adequately the shooting method. In this survey article it is explained how the usual tools of optimal control can be combined with other mathematical techniques to improve significantly their performances and widen their domain of application. The focus is put onto three important issues. The first is geometric optimal control, which is a theory that has emerged in the 1980s and is combining optimal control with various concepts of differential geometry, the ultimate objective being to derive optimal synthesis results for general classes of control systems. Its applicability and relevance is demonstrated on the problem of atmospheric reentry of a space shuttle. The second is the powerful continuation or homotopy method, consisting of deforming continuously a problem toward a simpler one and then of solving a series of parameterized problems to end up with the solution of the initial problem. After having recalled its mathematical foundations, it is shown how to combine successfully this method with the shooting method on several aerospace problems such as the orbit transfer problem. The third one consists of concepts of dynamical system theory, providing evidence of nice properties of the celestial dynamics that are of great interest for future mission design such as low-cost interplanetary space missions. The article ends with open problems and perspectives.

/pdf/optimal-control-and-applications-to-aerospace-some-results-88kz8kwgy9.pdf

Optimal Control and Applications to Aerospace: Some Results and Challenges

We investigate the problem of exact boundary controllability of semilinear one-dimensional heat equations. We prove that it is possible to move from any steady-state to any other by means of a boundary control, provided that both are in the same connected component of the set of steady-states. The proof is based on an effective feedback stabilization procedure, which is implemented.

Global Steady-State Controllability of One-Dimensional Semilinear Heat Equations

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00946536/document

Emmanuel Trélat

Papers

Nonlinear Optimal Control via Occupation Measures and LMI-Relaxations

Optimal Control and Applications to Aerospace: Some Results and Challenges

Global Steady-State Controllability of One-Dimensional Semilinear Heat Equations

The turnpike property in finite-dimensional nonlinear optimal control

Contrôle optimal : théorie & applications