Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar,Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy,Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka-563-8577, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, IsraelReceived March 2, 2004

Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.

Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review

Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: Potential applications and implications

"Nanoantibiotics": a new paradigm for treating infectious diseases using nanomaterials in the antibiotics resistant era.

The Chemistry and Applications of Antimicrobial Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review

Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent: Applications and Mode of Action

Recently, much attention has been paid to chitosan as a potential polysaccharide resource. Although several efforts have been reported to prepare functional derivatives of chitosan by chemical modifications, few attained their antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens. The present paper aims to present an overview of the antimicrobial effects, mechanisms, and applications of a biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives in crop protection. In addition, this paper takes a closer look at the physiochemical properties and chemical modifications of chitosan molecule. The recent growth in this field and the latest research papers published will be introduced and discussed.

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A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their Applications in Crop Protection

Potential of the biopolymer chitosan with different molecular weights to control postharvest gray mold of tomato fruit

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of new N,O-acyl chitosan derivatives.

Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties In this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, N-alkyl chitosans (NAC) and N-benzyl chitosans (NBC), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid The different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy A high degree of substitution (DS) was obtained with N-(butyl)chitosan (DS 036) at a 1:1 mole ratio for NAC derivatives and N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan (DS 052) for NBC derivatives Their insecticidal and fungicidal activities were tested against larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea Cavara (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr) The oral feeding bioassay indicated that all the derivatives had significant insecticidal activity at 5 g kg(-1) in artificial diet The most active was N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, which caused 100% mortality at 0625 g kg(-1), with an estimated LC50 of 032 g kg(-1) Treated larvae ceased feeding after 2-3 days; the mechanism of action remains unknown In a radial hyphal growth bioassay with both plant pathogens, all derivatives showed a higher fungicidal action than chitosan N-Dodecylchitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan and N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan were the most active against B cinerea, with EC50 values of 057, 057 and 052 g litre(-1), respectively Against P grisea, N-(m-nitrobenzyl)chitosan was the most active, with 77% inhibition at 5 g litre(-1) The effect of different substitutions is discussed in relation to insecticidal and fungicidal activity

Entsar I. Rabea

Papers

Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent: Applications and Mode of Action

A Biopolymer Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Promising Antimicrobial Agents against Plant Pathogens and Their Applications in Crop Protection

Potential of the biopolymer chitosan with different molecular weights to control postharvest gray mold of tomato fruit

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of new N,O-acyl chitosan derivatives.

Insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives.