다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Anion recognition chemistry has grown from its beginnings in the late 1960s with positively charged ammonium cryptand receptors for halide binding to, at the end of the millennium, a plethora of charged and neutral, cyclic and acyclic, inorganic and organic supramolecular host systems for the selective complexation, detection, and separation of anionic guest species. Solvation effects and pH values have been shown to play crucial roles in the overall anion recognition process. More recent developments include exciting advances in anion-templated syntheses and directed self-assembly, ion-pair recognition, and the function of anions in supramolecular catalysis.

Anion Recognition and Sensing: The State of the Art and Future Perspectives

Polyoxometalates represent a diverse range of molecular clusters with an almost unmatched range of physical properties and the ability to form structures that can bridge several length scales. The new building block principles that have been discovered are beginning to allow the design of complex clusters with desired properties and structures and several structural types and novel physical properties are examined. In this critical review the synthetic and design approaches to the many polyoxometalate cluster types are presented encompassing all the sub-types of polyoxometalates including, isopolyoxometalates, heteropolyoxometalates, and reduced molybdenum blue systems. As well as the fundamental structure and bonding aspects, the final section is devoted to discussing these clusters in the context of contemporary and emerging interdisciplinary interests from areas as diverse as anti-viral agents, biological ion transport models, and materials science.

Polyoxometalate clusters, nanostructures and materials: From self assembly to designer materials and devices

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a subset of metal oxides that represent a diverse range of molecular clusters with an almost unmatched range of physical properties and the ability to form dynamic structures that can range in size from the nano- to the micrometer scale Herein we present the very latest developments from synthesis to structure and function of POMs We discuss the possibilities of creating highly sophisticated functional hierarchical systems with multiple, interdependent, functionalities along with a critical analysis that allows the non-specialist to learn the salient features We propose and present a "periodic table of polyoxometalate building blocks" We also highlight some of the current issues and challenges that need to be addressed to work towards the design of functional systems based upon POM building blocks and look ahead to possible emerging application areas

Polyoxometalates: Building Blocks for Functional Nanoscale Systems

Electrochemical Properties of Polyoxometalates as Electrocatalysts.

Plato and Kepler would have been pleased. Despite the large number of atoms present the cluster anion 1 resembles an icosahedral-type structure. This represents definitively an unprecedented event in chemistry! The structure is made up of 12 {Mo11 } fragments such that the fivefold symmetry axes are retained in the resulting spherical object. As an inscribed icosahedron can be recognized in the spherical shell of 1 (see picture), similarities with Kepler's famous shell model of the cosmos can be seen.

Organizational Forms of Matter: An Inorganic Super Fullerene and Keplerate Based on Molybdenum Oxide.

[Mo154(NO)14O420(OH)28(H2O)70](25 ± 5)−: A Water‐Soluble Big Wheel with More than 700 Atoms and a Relative Molecular Mass of About 24000

The compounds Cs12[VIV18O42(H2O)]·14H2O (1a), K12[VIV18O42(H2O)]·16H2O (1b), Rb12[VIV18O42(H2O)]·19H2O (1c), K9[H3VIV18O42(H2O)]·14H2O·4N2H4 (1d), K11[H2VIV18O42(Cl)]·13H2O·2N2H4 (2a), K9[H4VIV18O4...

Polyoxovanadates: High-Nuclearity Spin Clusters with Interesting Host−Guest Systems and Different Electron Populations. Synthesis, Spin Organization, Magnetochemistry, and Spectroscopic Studies

The largest inorganic molecular system so far, [(MoO3 )176 (H2 O)80 H32 ] (1; the picture on the right shows the polyhedral representation), which has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis, possesses a cavity of diameter 2.3 nm and remarkably shows the stoichiometry of a (reduced) protonated and hydrated "molecular molybdenum trioxide". It is formed by reduction of an aqueous solution of lithium molybdate with tin(II) chloride at very high H+ concentrations.

Erich Krickemeyer

Papers

Organizational Forms of Matter: An Inorganic Super Fullerene and Keplerate Based on Molybdenum Oxide.

[Mo154(NO)14O420(OH)28(H2O)70](25 ± 5)−: A Water‐Soluble Big Wheel with More than 700 Atoms and a Relative Molecular Mass of About 24000

Polyoxovanadates: High-Nuclearity Spin Clusters with Interesting Host−Guest Systems and Different Electron Populations. Synthesis, Spin Organization, Magnetochemistry, and Spectroscopic Studies

Formation of a Ring‐Shaped Reduced “Metal Oxide” with the Simple Composition [(MoO3)176(H2O)80H32]

Topologically interesting cages for negative-ions with extremely high coordination-number - an unusual property of v-o clusters