Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

Summary 1. Neonicotinoids are now the most widely used insecticides in the world. They act systemically, travelling through plant tissues and protecting all parts of the crop, and are widely applied as seed dressings. As neurotoxins with high toxicity to most arthropods, they provide effective pest control and have numerous uses in arable farming and horticulture. 2. However, the prophylactic use of broad-spectrum pesticides goes against the long-established principles of integrated pest management (IPM), leading to environmental concerns. 3. It has recently emerged that neonicotinoids can persist and accumulate in soils. They are water soluble and prone to leaching into waterways. Being systemic, they are found in nectar and pollen of treated crops. Reported levels in soils, waterways, field margin plants and floral resources overlap substantially with concentrations that are sufficient to control pests in crops, and commonly exceed the LC50 (the concentration which kills 50% of individuals) for beneficial organisms. Concentrations in nectar and pollen in crops are sufficient to impact substantially on colony reproduction in bumblebees. 4. Although vertebrates are less susceptible than arthropods, consumption of small numbers of dressed seeds offers a route to direct mortality in birds and mammals. 5. Synthesis and applications. Major knowledge gaps remain, but current use of neonicotinoids is likely to be impacting on a broad range of non-target taxa including pollinators and soil and aquatic invertebrates and hence threatens a range of ecosystem services.

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REVIEW: An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides

Much as Rachel Carson's \"Silent Spring\" was a call to action against the pesticides that were devastating bird populations, Charles S. Elton's classic \"The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants\" sounded an early warning about an environmental catastrophe that has become all too familiar today-the invasion of nonnative species. From kudzu to zebra mussels to Asian long-horned beetles, nonnative species are colonizing new habitats around the world at an alarming rate thanks to accidental and intentional human intervention. One of the leading causes of extinctions of native animals and plants, invasive species also wreak severe economic havoc, causing $79 billion worth of damage in the United States alone. Elton explains the devastating effects that invasive species can have on local ecosystems in clear, concise language and with numerous examples. The first book on invasion biology, and still the most cited, Elton's masterpiece provides an accessible, engaging introduction to one of the most important environmental crises of our time. Charles S. Elton was one of the founders of ecology, who also established and led Oxford University's Bureau of Animal Population. His work has influenced generations of ecologists and zoologists, and his publications remain central to the literature in modern biology. \"History has caught up with Charles Elton's foresight, and \"The Ecology of Invasions\" can now be seen as one of the central scientific books of our century.\"-David Quammen, from the Foreword to \"Killer Algae: The True Tale of a Biological Invasion\

The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants

Since their discovery in the late 1980s, neonicotinoid pesticides have become the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, with large-scale applications ranging from plant protection (crops, vegetables, fruits), veterinary products, and biocides to invertebrate pest control in fish farming. In this review, we address the phenyl-pyrazole fipronil together with neonicotinoids because of similarities in their toxicity, physicochemical profiles, and presence in the environment. Neonicotinoids and fipronil currently account for approximately one third of the world insecticide market; the annual world production of the archetype neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was estimated to be ca. 20,000 tonnes active substance in 2010. There were several reasons for the initial success of neonicotinoids and fipronil: (1) there was no known pesticide resistance in target pests, mainly because of their recent development, (2) their physicochemical properties included many advantages over previous generations of insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc.), and (3) they shared an assumed reduced operator and consumer risk. Due to their systemic nature, they are taken up by the roots or leaves and translocated to all parts of the plant, which, in turn, makes them effectively toxic to herbivorous insects. The toxicity persists for a variable period of time—depending on the plant, its growth stage, and the amount of pesticide applied. A wide variety of applications are available, including the most common prophylactic non-Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) application by seed coating. As a result of their extensive use and physicochemical properties, these substances can be found in all environmental compartments including soil, water, and air. Neonicotinoids and fipronil operate by disrupting neural transmission in the central nervous system of invertebrates. Neonicotinoids mimic the action of neurotransmitters, while fipronil inhibits neuronal receptors. In doing so, they continuously stimulate neurons leading ultimately to death of target invertebrates. Like virtually all insecticides, they can also have lethal and sublethal impacts on non-target organisms, including insect predators and vertebrates. Furthermore, a range of synergistic effects with other stressors have been documented. Here, we review extensively their metabolic pathways, showing how they form both compound-specific and common metabolites which can themselves be toxic. These may result in prolonged toxicity. Considering their wide commercial expansion, mode of action, the systemic properties in plants, persistence and environmental fate, coupled with limited information about the toxicity profiles of these compounds and their metabolites, neonicotinoids and fipronil may entail significant risks to the environment. A global evaluation of the potential collateral effects of their use is therefore timely. The present paper and subsequent chapters in this review of the global literature explore these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.

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Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has drastically changed soybean pest management in the North Central region. To date, SBA can be successfully managed by timely scouting and foliar insecticides in Iowa, but pyrethroid resistance is an emerging issue in the North Central region. Disciplines Agriculture | Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Entomology Comments This article is published as Hodgson, E. W., and G VanNostrand. Soybean Aphid Efficacy Screening Program, 2017. Arthropod Management Tests 43 (2018): tsy015. doi: 10.1093/amt/tsy015. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/506 1 © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com SOYBEAN: Glycine max L. Soybean Aphid Efficacy Screening Program, 2017 Erin W. Hodgson1,3 and Greg VanNostrand2 1Department of Entomology, 103 Insectary Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3140, Phone: 515-294-2847 (ewh@ iastate.edu), 2Department of Entomology, 021 Insectary Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3140, Phone: 515-294-6124 (gregvn@iastate.edu) and 3Corresponding author, e-mail: ewh@iastate.edu Subject Editor: Jawwad Qureshi Soybean | Glycine max Soybean aphid (SBA)| Aphis glycines Matsumura Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, has drastically changed soybean pest management in the North Central region. To date, SBA can be successfully managed by timely scouting and foliar insecticides in Iowa, but pyrethroid resistance is an emerging issue in the North Central region. In 2017, we established plots at two Iowa State University Research Farms (Northeast and Northwest) on 14 May and 30 May, respectively. NK S24-K2 soybean variety was used for all treatments. Plots were arranged in an RCB design with four replications. Each plot was six rows in width and 50 ft in length at the Northeast location and six rows in width by 44 ft in length at the Northwest location. Two treatments contained a seed treatment and were applied by Syngenta; seventeen treatments received a foliar insecticide (Table 1). Foliar applications at both locations were made on 18 Aug when plants were in the R5 growth stage. For Northeast location, foliar treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer and TeeJet (Springfield, IL) twinjet nozzles (TJ 11002) with 20 gpa at 40 lb psi. For Northwest location, foliar treatments were applied using a custom sprayer and TeeJet (Springfield, IL) flatfan nozzles (TJ 8002) with 14 gpa at 40 lb psi. Soybean aphids were counted on randomly selected whole plants within each plot. The number of plants sampled per plot started at 20 at plant emergence and were gradually decreased to five as plants reached senescence. To estimate the total exposure of soybean plants to SBA, we calculated cumulative aphid days (CAD) based on the number of aphids per plant counted on each sampling date. Yields (bu/ acre) were determined by weighing grain with a hopper and corrected to 13% moisture. One-way ANOVA was used to determine treatment effects within each experiment. Means separation for all studies was achieved using a least significant difference test (α = 0.10). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software. The plots at each farm were uniformly colonized in June and there was light SBA pressure at both locations until after full bloom, or early Aug. At the Northeast location, SBA in the untreated control plots averaged 12 per plant 4 days prior to the 18 Aug application and peaked on 12 Sep at 132 aphids per plant. All treatments provided significant reduction of aphid exposure compared with the untreated check which had 1,872 CAD (Table 1). There was some variability in yield between treatments, but most seed and foliar products labeled for SBA did not produce enough impact to improve yield compared with the untreated control. At the Northwest location, SBA in the untreated control plots averaged 241 per plant 3 days prior to the 18 Aug application and peaked on 9 Sep at 651 aphids per plant. The untreated control had significantly higher CAD compared with seed and foliar treatments (Table 2). There was some variability in yield between treatments, but most seed and foliar products labeled for SBA did not produce enough impact to improve yield compared with the untreated control. Most of the CAD accumulated in late Aug and early Sep and did not affect yield among treatments. This research was supported by industry gift(s) of seed and pesticide funding. Arthropod Management Tests, 43(1), 2018, 1–2 doi: 10.1093/amt/tsy015 Section F: Field & Cereal Crops D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com am t/article-abs3/1/tsy015/4955730 by ow a State U niersity user on 15 April 2019 Arthropod Management Tests, 2018, Vol. 00, No. 00 2

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1505&context=ent_pubs

Soybean Aphid Efficacy Screening Program, 2017

During the summer of 2011, the ISU Corn Entomology Lab visited several fields in Iowa in response to complaints for rootworm injury to Bt rootworm corn, and to follow-up on fields that were visited in 2010 in response to grower complaints. To date, resistance of western corn rootworm has been found only for Bt corn producing Cry3Bb1, which was originally released as YieldGard Rootworm and is now the rootworm trait found in VTTriple and VTTriple Pro. Cry3Bb1 also is present as a pyramid with Bt toxin Cry35/35Ab1 in SmartStax.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142&context=cropnews

Managing Western Corn Rootworm with Bt Corn

\n Soybean is an established crop with a high production value in the United States. The insects that utilize soybean as a food source have changed drastically over the last 20 yr. Much of the extension literature summarizing pest species distribution and abundance is out of date. This article provides profiles for five common soybean caterpillars, including description, life cycle, and injury to plants.

Identification and Biology of Common Caterpillars in U.S. Soybean

Black grass bug nymphs and adults have a beak with a piercing-sucking stylet, and feed on the mesophyll cells of leaf blades. The mesophyll layer consists of the tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf blade and contains chloroplasts. Typically these bugs feed on the upper leaf surface. Feeding begins at the leaf tip of younger leaves, gradually moving toward the leaf base. White spots and chlorotic blotches often appear near feeding sites. Heavily infested plants will have reduced green-leaf area and appear frosted, yellow or straw colored (Fig. 3). Small black spots of excrement covering plants is also an indication of heavy feeding. What You Should Know

Erin W. Hodgson

Papers

Soybean Aphid Efficacy Screening Program, 2017

Managing Western Corn Rootworm with Bt Corn

Identification and Biology of Common Caterpillars in U.S. Soybean

Black Grass Bugs

2013 report of insecticide evaluation