The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society

A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

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Education at a Glance

An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey

This study attempts to examine empirically dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions, energy consumption, income, and foreign trade in the case of Turkey using the time series data for the period 1960-2005 This research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure The bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms of long-run relationships between the variables In the case of first form of long-relationship, carbon emissions are determined by energy consumption, income and foreign trade In the case of second long-run relationship, income is determined by carbon emissions, energy consumption and foreign trade An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is conducted amongst the variables The long-run relationship of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade equation is also checked for the parameter stability The empirical results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining the carbon emissions in Turkey which is followed by energy consumption and foreign trade Moreover, there exists a stable carbon emissions function The results also provide important policy recommendations

This paper contains a model designed to serve two purposes, to examine long-run competitive equilibrium in a growth model and then to explore the effects on this equilibrium of government debt. Samuelson [8] has examined the determination of interest rates in a singlecommodity world without durable goods. In such an economy, interest rates are determined by consumption loans between individuals of different ages. By introducing production employing a durable capital good into this model, one can examine the case where individuals provide for their retirement years by lending to entrepreneurs. After describing alternative long-run equilibria available to a centrally planned economy, the competitive solution is described. In this economy, which has an infinitely long life, it is seen that, despite the absence of all the usual sources of inefficiency, the competitive solution can be inefficient. Modigliani [4] has explored the effects of the existence of government debt in an aggregate growth model. By introducing a government which issues debt and levies taxes to finance interest payments into the model described in the first part, it is possible to re-examine his conclusions in a model where consumption decisions are made individually, where taxes to finance the debt are included in the analysis, and where the changes in output arising from changes in the capital stock are explicitly acknowledged. It is seen that in the "normal" case external debt reduces the utility of an individual living in long-run equilibrium. Surprisingly, internal debt is seen to cause an even larger decline in this utility level. External debt has two effects in the long run, both arising from the taxes needed to finance the interest payments. The taxes directly reduce available lifetime consumption of the individual taxpayer. Further, by reducing his disposable income, taxes reduce his savings and thus the capital stock. Internal debt has both of these effects as well as a further reduction in the capital stock arising from the substitution of government debt for physical capital in individual portfolios.

National debt in a neoclassical growth model

The origins endogenous growth

This article focuses on the political economy of Turkey in the 1990s to illustrate the importance of analysing economic variables that intersect with the quality of political democracy. In 1989, the debt-ridden state moved to systematically and completely deregulate Turkey’s financial markets. Together with the ongoing processes of liberalizing commodity markets and integrating with global capital markets, financial liberalization was expected to achieve fiscal and monetary stability, stimulate business confidence to invest in productive sectors, produce stable growth, encourage privatization and control inflation. However, the new hegemony of the capital markets has gone hand-in-hand with deteriorating macroeconomic performance, a worsening income distribution, the discrediting of politics and its isolation from society. The authors examine several key dynamics which are helping to legitimate the neoliberal agenda of the 1990s. These include the distribution of state largesse to manipulate electoral capitalism; the rise of an informal sector in the ‘Anatolian Tigers’; promotion of the seductive attractions of the market; and an antipolitical reform populism adopted by political actors to exploit popular disillusionment with the political system.

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Politics, Society and Financial Liberalization: Turkey in the 1990s

http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/doi_getpdf/articles/10.1016-0305-750X(95)00140-8.pdf

Erinç Yeldan

Papers

The origins endogenous growth

Politics, Society and Financial Liberalization: Turkey in the 1990s

Dilemmas of structural adjustment and environmental policies under instability: Post-1980 Turkey

On Turkey's trade policy: Is a customs union with Europe enough?

Financial liberalization, macroeconomic (in)-stability, and patterns of distribution