The direct functionalization of C-H bonds in organic compounds has recently emerged as a powerful and ideal method for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. This Review provides an overview of C-H bond functionalization strategies for the rapid synthesis of biologically active compounds such as natural products and pharmaceutical targets.

C-H bond functionalization: emerging synthetic tools for natural products and pharmaceuticals

This paper describes the use of novel two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequences to provide insight into protein dynamics. The sequences developed permit the measurement of the relaxation properties of individual nuclei in macromolecules, thereby providing a powerful experimental approach to the study of local protein mobility. For isotopically labeled macromolecules, the sequences enable measurements of heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) and spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) 15N or 13C relaxation times with a sensitivity similar to those of many homonuclear 1H experiments. Because T1 values and heteronuclear NOEs are sensitive to high-frequency motions (10(8)-10(12) s-1) while T2 values are also a function of much slower processes, it is possible to explore dynamic events occurring over a large time scale. We have applied these techniques to investigate the backbone dynamics of the protein staphylococcal nuclease (S. Nase) complexed with thymidine 3',5'-bisphosphate (pdTp) and Ca2+ and labeled uniformly with 15N. T1, T2, and NOE values were obtained for over 100 assigned backbone amide nitrogens in the protein. Values of the order parameter (S), characterizing the extent of rapid 1H-15N bond motions, have been determined. These results suggest that there is no correlation between these rapid small amplitude motions and secondary structure for S. Nase. In contrast, 15N line widths suggest a possible correlation between secondary structure and motions on the millisecond time scale. In particular, the loop region between residues 42 and 56 appears to be considerably more flexible on this slow time scale than the rest of the protein.

Backbone dynamics of proteins as studied by 15N inverse detected heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy: application to staphylococcal nuclease.

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Advances in transition metal (Pd, Ni, Fe)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using alkyl-organometallics as reaction partners.

Catalytic carbene insertion into C-H bonds.

Ernest Wenkert

Papers

2(S),4(R)-4-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)-4-isobutyl-glutamic acid: A new amino acid in Reseda odorata

β, γ-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

Interconversions of some diterpenic constituents of Podocarpus ferrugineus

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of naturally occurring substances. Prostaglandins

Base cleavage of .beta.,.gamma.-unsaturated bicyclic cyclobutanones