Therapeutic oligonucleotide analogues which have improved nuclease resistance and improved cellular uptake are provided. Replacement of the normal phosphorodiester inter-sugar linkages found in natural oligomers with four atom linking groups forms unique di- and poly-nucleosides and nucleotides useful in regulating RNA expression and in therapeutics. Methods of synthesis and use are also disclosed.

Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogues

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the 13 Carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C-NMR) spectroscopy of monosaccharides. The 13 C-NMR spectroscopy has become increasingly important as a tool for the characterization and structural elucidation of sugars and their derivatives. Although 13 C-NMR is closely related to 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, especially when both types of spectra are recorded with Fourier-transform instruments, the two techniques are sufficiently different to be valuable complements to each other. In many cases, in particular when dealing with complex molecules such as polysaccharides, the amount of information obtainable from 1 H-NMR spectra is limited as compared to that revealed by 13 C- NMR spectra. This chapter provides an almost complete collection of 13 C- NMR chemical shifts of monosaccharides, their methyl glycosides, and acetates, along with the examples of shift data for as many different types of monosaccharide derivative as possible. It also provides details on sampling techniques and assignment techniques, and discusses the identity of monosaccharides, their structure determination, and conformational analysis .

Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Monosaccharides

Methods for preparing oligonucleotide analogs which have improved nuclease resistance and improved cellular uptake are provided. In preferred embodiments, the methods involve radical coupling of 3'- and 5'-substituted or 5'- and 3'-subutituted nucleosidic synthons.

Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs and preparation thereof through radical coupling

Novel compounds that mimic and/or modulate the activity of wild-type nucleic acids. In general, the compounds contain a selected nucleoside sequence wherein the nucleosides are covalently bound through linking groups that contain adjacent nitrogen atoms.

Oligonucleoside linkages containing adjacent oxygen and nitrogen atoms

The present review offers an overview of the current approaches for the photochemical and photocatalytic generation of reactive intermediates and their application in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. Valuable synthetic targets are accessible, including arylation processes, formation of both carbo- and heterocycles, alpha- and beta-functionalization of carbonyls, and addition reactions onto double and triple bonds. According to the recent advancements in the field of visible/solar light catalysis, a significant part of the literature reported herein involves radical ions and radicals as key intermediates, with particular attention to the most recent examples. Synthetic application of carbenes, biradicals/radical pairs and carbocations have been also reported.

Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions via Photogenerated Intermediates.

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis of 16-membered macrolide antibiotics.

A General Synthesis of Cyclitols and Aminocyclitols from Carbohydrates

Stereoselectivity in radical reactions of 2′-deoxynucleosides. A synthesis of an isostere of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (AZT-5′ monophosphate)

Stephan D. Gero

Papers

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis of 16-membered macrolide antibiotics.

A General Synthesis of Cyclitols and Aminocyclitols from Carbohydrates

Stereoselectivity in radical reactions of 2′-deoxynucleosides. A synthesis of an isostere of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (AZT-5′ monophosphate)

A chiral synthesis of D-(+)-2,6-dideoxystreptamine and its microbial incorporation into novel antibiotics

A practical decarboxylative hydroxylation of carboxylic acids